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Fossil Fuels

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Title: Fossil Fuels


1
Fossil Fuels
  • Chapter 19

2
http//www.anwr.org/gallery/pages/03-ANWRtoUSmap.h
tm
3
1. Natural Gas
  • What it is
  • Mixture of methane (50-90), heavier hydrocarbons
    (ethane, propane, butane) and small amounts of
    H2S (highly toxic)
  • Properties
  • Highly flammable transportation difficult. Done
    in pipelines
  • Cleanest burning fossil fuel
  • Methane is dried, cleansed of H2S, pumped in low
    pressure lines nationally.
  • Heavier gases are removed as liquefied petroleum
    gas (LPG) for use in rural areas.

4
Natural Gas Distribution
5
Hydraulic Fracturing
  • How
  • Pumping water chemicals under high pressure
    underground to force natural gas/petroleum to
    surface
  • Problems
  • Possible groundwater contamination
  • CH4 released
  • Release of Fracking Chemicals

6
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileHydroFrac.png
7
How Long Will Natural Gas Last?
  • At current consumption rate, factoring in
    undiscovered reserves, approximately 125 years.
  • Including unconventional sources, 200-325 years

8
2. Coal
  • What is it
  • Solid fuel formed from plant matter during
    Carboniferous period, 360-285 million years ago.
  • C content increases, water content decreases over
    time
  • Ranked according to energy content

9
Type Energy Content (megajoules/kg) Location in US
1. Anthracite 30-34 PA
2. Bituminous 23-34 Appalachia, Midwest, West
3. Subbituminous 16-23 West
4. Lignite 13-16 Gulf Coast, No. Great Plains
10
  • Half is acquired through Strip-Mining (Surface
    Mining)
  • Acid Mine Drainage
  • rainfall reacts with exposed rock, reacts with
    sulfides, produces sulfuric acid.
  • Processed to remove much sulfur before burning
  • Uses of Coal
  • converted into synthetic oil or gas.
  • Mostly used by power plants to create electricity
    (60 of electricity produced).
  • Transported by train and coal slurry pipelines
    (uses more water).

11
Open Pit Mining digging at the surface to
extract ore
12
Coal Surface Mining in Wyoming
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_miningStrip_mi
ning
13
Coal Mine in India
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File182619562_00d6f7
03b6_b.jpg
14
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15
Pollution Coal
  • Burning releases mercury into env.
  • Takes a great deal of water expensive, heavy
    environmental impact
  • Production of NOx and SOx
  • Particulate Ash
  • Treatment--Scrubbing
  • calcium carbonate-rich materials are injected
    into the gases produced from burning coal,
    producing hydrated calcium sulfite as sludge.
  • Disposal issues.

16
How Long Will Coal Last?
  • At current consumption, 225 years. If usage
    rises 2/yr, 65 years.
  • Believed to be unidentified reserves projected to
    last 900 years.

17
3. OIL!
  • Petroleum (crude oil)
  • thick liquid consisting of hundreds of
    combustible hydrocarbons.
  • Impurities
  • sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen other impurities.
  • Formation
  • decomposition of organic matter (mostly plant)
  • extreme pressures temperatures
  • millions of years
  • Usually dispersed throughout pores in rocks.

18
Oil Recover 3 Stage Process
  • Primary
  • Drilling a well, then remove oil that flows into
    the well.
  • Secondary
  • Pumping water under high pressure into a nearby
    well, forcing oil out, pump up to surface,
  • remove water from oil and reuse the water for
    recovery.
  • Tertiary
  • Use of superheated steam, CO2 or detergent to
    dissolve oil, then removed from that.
  • Large amounts of energy needed (1/3 barrel for
    every barrel produced)
  • Production clip

19
Fractional Distillation
  • Separating the components that make up crude oil.
  • Uses boiling points of the various fractions

20
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21
64 in the Middle East 26 in Saudi Arabia alone
22
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23
Oil Facts
  • US uses 30 of crude oil extracted 68 for
    transportation
  • 130.00 per barrel on 6/6/08
  • 48.92 per barrel 4/22/09
  • 91.58 per barrel 4/25/13
  • 1 barrel petroleum 42 gallons

24
Just How Much Is There?
  • Resource
  • A concentration of material that is economically
    feasible to extract, now or in the future.
  • Reserve
  • Portion of the resource that can be extracted
    now, economically legally.

25
Reserves
  • Production of reserves expected to peak between
    2010 and 2030. Peaked in US in 1975.
  • Undiscovered supplies may extend it 20-40 years.

26
Other Sources of Oil
  • Oil Shale fine-grained sedimentary rock
    containing kerogen.
  • Distilled to form shale oil.
  • Potentially recoverable from CO, UT, WY.
  • Generally very low grade, takes much energy.
  • Tar sand mixture of clay, sand, water bitumen
    (thick, high sulfur oil).
  • Most lie below earths surface those close can
    be mined.
  • Largest deposits in Canada, UT, Venezuela,
    Colombia, Russia.

27
Hubberts Prediction for Peak Oil Production
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileHubbert_peak_oil
_plot.svg
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