Introduction to Pathology

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Introduction to Pathology
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What is pathology
Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In
its broadest sense, it is the study of how the
organs and tissues of a healthy body change to
those of sick person.
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The scope of pathology

• The four aspects of a disease process that
• form the core of pathology
• ?Etiology
• ? Pathogenesis
• ? Pathological change
• ? Clinical pathological correlation
  and Prognosis

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Etiology causes of the disease Pathogenesis the
mechanisms of its development Pathologic
changes the structural alteration induced in the
cells and organs of the body. Clinical
pathological correlation and Prognosis the
Clinical effects of the pathological changes.
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Position
(1) Pathology is a bridging between basic science
and clinical medicine (2) Pathology is also a
practical clinic medicine ( Diagnostic Pathology
or Surgical Pathology)
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Classification
(1) Human pathology The principal aim of human
pathology considers structural abnormalities of
cells and tissues grossly and microscopically
examined from patients tissues (2)
Experimental pathology Experimental pathology
researches cellular processes incorporate animal
experiment and tissue and cell cultures
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1. Human pathology
(1) Autopsy (means see for yourself) Autopsy is
a special operation , performed by specially
trained physician, on a dead body
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The functions of Autopsy
? Clarify the causes of death ? Diagnosis and
treatment quality control ? Recognizing of
negligence ? Recognition of new diseases and new
diseases patterns ? Source of information ?
Provide material for education ? material for
scientific research ? Recognition of treatment
effectiveness
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(2) Biopsy
Biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue from
the body for examination and the tissue will be
examined under a microscope to assist in
diagnosis
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(3) Cytology
Cytology is responsible for preparation, staining
and microscopic examination. (smear, fine needle
aspiration)
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2. Experimental pathology
(1) Animal experiment Animal experiment is
a pathological method using animal model to study
diseases within the body.
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(2) Tissue and cell culture
Tissue and cell culture is that the tissue or
cell sample from a human or animal is obtained
and maintained in vitro for experimental,
diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
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Basic examination methods
(1) Gross appearance The morphological feature of
a lesion (such as size, shape, weight, color,
consistency, surface edge, section) is observed
by eyes or assisted by using a ruler, steelyard,
magnifying glass, or other tools.
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Lung cancer
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(2) Histologic and cytologic observation
The specimens from patients are prepared as a
section or smear, then stained and examined by
using microcopy
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most common basic formalin fixed ? HE
(hematoxylin and eosin) stained
cytologic observation
Histologic observation
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(3)Histochemistry and cytochemistry
Histochemistry and cytochemistry is also called
special stain method. Some tissue structures and
substances (protein, enzyme, nucleic acid,
glycogen, lipid) are colored when a chemical
group ( carboxyl, phosphoric, or aldehyde) reacts
with the stain
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• PAS (glycogen) ?BM

Sudan ? ?fat
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Immunohistochemistry
(4) others

• ? Ag-Ab specific reaction
• ? Applications
• Location analysis ( cytokeratin?cell membrane)
• Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing
  (diagnosis of tumor histogenesis)

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Leiomyosarcoma
Actin ()
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Electron microscope
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Filtering membrane TEM (transmitting electron
microscope)
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• Podocyte
• SEM (scanning electron microscope)

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Flow cytometry (FCM)
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application

• ? One kind of cells?quantitative analysis
• ? DNA ploidy analysis
• ? Protein and nucleus acid ? quantitative
  analysis
• ? Selection of collection of cells

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Image analysis (IA)
Nuclei diameter circumference area volume
morphology
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Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM)
aliving cell observation in situ or development
or quantitative

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Molecular biology technique

• ? Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• ? DNA sequencing
• ? Biochip technique
• Gene chip (DNA chip)
• Protein chip (protein microarray)
• Tissue chip (tissue microarray)

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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History of Pathology

• Autopsy ? Organ pathology (1761)
• LM ? Cellular pathology (1854)
• Ultrastructural pathology with the
  application of EM (20 century 60s)
• Immunopathology, Molecular pathology,
• Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology

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Text of Pathology

• (1) General pathology
• concerned with the basic reaction of
• cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli
• that underlie all diseases.
• (2) Systemic pathology
• dedcribe the specific responses of
  specialized
• organs and tissues to defined stimuli.