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Circulation

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Circulation & Respiration Chapter 42 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Circulation


1
Circulation Respiration Chapter 42
2
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3
Circulatory systems
  • 2 types
  • Open circulatory system
  • Mollusks arthropods
  • No distinction between blood lymph
  • Flow through a network of vessels
  • Hemolymph
  • Circulating fluid

4
Circulatory systems
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Vertebrates
  • Blood
  • Enclosed in blood vessels heart
  • Lymph
  • Lymph system
  • Interstitial fluid

5
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
6
Functions
  • 1. Transportation
  • Substances needed for cellular respiration
  • A. Respiratory
  • CO2 and O2
  • B. Nutritive
  • glucose
  • C. Excretory
  • Metabolic wastes, ions, water

7
Functions
  • 2. Regulation
  • Hormones
  • Temperature regulation (Endotherms)
  • Vessels constrict cold
  • Vessels dilate hot
  • 3. Protection
  • Clotting
  • Proteins, platelets
  • Immune defense
  • WBC, AB

8
Components of the system
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

9
Heart
  • Fish 2 chambered
  • Amphibians/some reptiles
  • 3 chambered
  • Cutaneous circulation
  • Oxygen diffuses in from environment
  • Birds/mammals 4 chambered
  • Separation of systemic pulmonary blood systems

10
Circulation
11
Heart
  • Systemic circulation
  • Blood flow in the body
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Blood flow between the heart lungs

12
Circulation
13
Heart structure
  • Atrium
  • Small chambers
  • Receive blood
  • Ventricles
  • Larger chambers
  • Pump blood from heart
  • Septum
  • Separates chambers

14
Septum
15
Heart structure
  • Valves
  • Atrioventricular valves (AV)
  • Between the atrium and ventricles
  • Tricuspid is on the right
  • Bicuspid or Mitral is on the left
  • Semilumar valves
  • Exits from the ventricles
  • Aortic valve (L ventricle)
  • Pulmonary valve (R ventricle)

16
Valves
17
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Heart structure
  • Heart sounds
  • lub-dub -valves closing
  • lub closing of the AV valves
  • dub closing of the semilunar valves
  • Murmur
  • Abnormal heart sound
  • Harsh sound of blood flowing over valve

19
Heart structure
  • Superior inferior vena cava
  • Brings blood to heart from body
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Blood from right side of heart to lungs
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Returns blood from lungs to heart
  • Aorta
  • Blood goes from the heart to body

20
Circulation
21
Blood flow
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Blood flow
  • Vena cava
  • Right atrium
  • Tricuspid valve (AV)
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Lungs

23
Blood flow
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium
  • Mitral valve (AV)
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic valve (semilunar)
  • Aorta

24
Blood flow
25
Blood flow
  • Cardiac cycle
  • One cycle of heart filling emptying
  • Diastole
  • Heart resting
  • Heart filling with blood
  • AV valves open
  • Semilunar valves closed

26
Diastole
27
Blood flow
  • Systole
  • Ventricles contracting
  • Pumping blood out of the heart
  • AV valves closed
  • Semilunar valves open

28
Systole
29
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30
Blood pressure
  • Measurement of pressure of blood in the arteries
  • Systolic measures ventricular contraction
  • Diastolic measures ventricular resting
  • Sphygmomanometer or BP cuff
  • Brachial artery
  • 120/80 normal

31
Blood pressure
32
Cardiac output
  • Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into
    systemic circuit per minute
  • 5 liters per minute
  • Depends on heart rate
  • Stroke volume
  • Amount of pumped out per contraction (70 ml)

33
Cardiac output
  • Increases with exercise
  • Increased HR
  • Better stroke volume

34
Blood pressure
  • Cardiac output
  • Flow resistance in the arteries
  • Affect BP
  • More constriction higher BP
  • More dilation lower BP
  • Baroreceptors
  • Aorta carotids
  • Medulla oblongata

35
Blood pressure
  • Depends on blood volume
  • Decreased volume
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Decreased BP

36
Heart structure
  • Coronary arteries
  • First branches off the aorta
  • Supply blood to the heart

37
Coronary arteries
38
Conduction
  • Depolarization of heart muscle stimulates
    contraction
  • Heart contains autogenic cells
  • Self stimulate
  • SA node (sinoatrial)
  • Pacemaker of the heart
  • Located in R atrium wall
  • Near the superior vena cava

39
Conduction
  • SA node
  • Causes atrium to contract
  • Sends signal to the AV node
  • AV (atrioventricular) node
  • Located in wall between R atrium ventricle
  • Sends signal to the bundle of His

40
Contraction
  • Bundle of His
  • Sends signal to the Purkinje fibers
  • Cause the ventricle to contract
  • SA?AV?Bundle of His?Purkinje fibers

41
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42
Conduction
43
Conduction
44
EKG
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Records electrical impulses of the heart
  • P-wave
  • First wave-atrium contraction
  • QRS-wave
  • Ventricles contracting
  • T-wave
  • Heart re-polarization

45
EKG or ECG
46
Vessels
  • Arteries, arterioles
  • Veins, venules
  • Capillaries
  • arteries?arterioles?capillaries?venules?veins

47
Capillaries
48
Blood vessels
49
Vessels
  • Basic structure (except capillaries)
  • Inner layer is endothelium
  • Next is a layer of elastic fibers
  • Smooth muscle layer
  • Connective tissue
  • Capillaries are single cell layer thick
  • Endothelium only

50
Arteries
  • Carry oxygen rich blood away from heart
  • Arterioles
  • Smaller arteries
  • Larger the artery
  • More elastic recoil as blood is pumped

51
Arteries
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
  • Decrease blood flow
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle
  • Increase blood flow
  • Precapillary sphincters
  • Regulate blood flow

52
Veins
  • Carry oxygen poor blood to heart
  • Venules
  • Smaller veins
  • Less smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscles constrict
  • Help flow of blood to heart
  • Venous valves
  • Help blood flow to heart prevent backflow

53
Varicose veins
  • Too much blood in legs
  • Valves veins do not work

54
Capillaries
  • Passage of oxygen nutrients
  • Into cells or extracellular fluids
  • Passage of carbon dioxide wastes
  • From cells to blood

55
Blood
56
Blood
  • Plasma (matrix) yellow
  • Fluid part of the blood
  • Metabolites, wastes, hormones
  • Ions (sodium, chlorine, bicarbonate)
  • Proteins
  • Albumin (fluids), globulins (antibodies),
    fibrinogen (clots)
  • Cells
  • RBC, WBC, platelets

57
Blood cells
58
Blood formation
59
RBC
  • Erythrocyte
  • O2 CO2 transport
  • Hemoglobin (protein)
  • Erythropoietin
  • Hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates RBC
    production
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Process of RBC production from stem cells
  • Spleen, bone marrow liver remove RBC

60
Heme
61
Hemoglobin
62
RBC
63
WBC
  • Leukocyte
  • Larger than RBC
  • Contain a nucleus
  • Fights against infection and FB
  • Interstitial fluid as well as blood
  • 5 types of WBC split into 2 groups
  • Granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • Non-granulocytes lymphocytes, monocytes

64
WBC
65
Platelets
  • Cell fragments
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Large cell in bone marrow that forms platelets
  • Clotting
  • First to site of injury
  • Fibrin (protein that forms clot)

66
Platelets
67
Clotting
  • Tissue damage
  • Platelets arrive
  • Cascade reactions are started
  • Prothrombin is changed to
  • Thrombin (enzyme)
  • Changes fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Forms clot

68
Fibrin
69
Blood
  • More RBC than WBC
  • Hematocrit
  • Measurement of RBCs in the blood
  • RBC last about 120 days

70
Lymph system
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Fluid from the blood plasma that leaves the
    capillaries
  • Surrounds the tissues
  • Lymph
  • Returns to circulation via lymph system
  • Lymph nodes, lymph vessels organs (spleen
    thymus)

71
Edema
  • Swelling of tissues
  • Usually ankles or feet
  • Interstitial fluid cannot be returned
  • Low protein (albumin)
  • Liver disease
  • Heart disease
  • Pregnancy

72
MI
73
Flutter
74
Atherosclerosis
75
Aneurysm
76
Infarct
77
Pacemaker
78
VSD
79
MVP
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