Middle Ages

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Middle Ages

• 400s-1500 AD
• Period of transition from the end of the
  classical age and the beginning of the modern
  world

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Anglo-Saxons

• Had taken control of Britain by 450
• Alfred the Great kept the Vikings out
• After his death, Vikings eventually took over in
  1016
• Edward the Confessor becomes king

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King John

• One of Edwards successors required more taxes to
  pay for military efforts
• Outraged, nobles forced King John to sign the
  Magna Carta

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Clash of Church and State

• Charlemagnes descendants Henry III and Henry IV
• Viewed the church as a branch of imperial power
• Power popes Gregory VII and Innocent III
• Viewed kings and emperors as servants of the
  church

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Clash of Church and State

• Innocent III able to greatly strengthen the
  churchs worldly power
• How?
• Used power of excommunication

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Impact of the Crusades

• New weaponry
• Crossbow, catapult, and war strategies
• Political Changes
• Lords sold land to join Crusades
• More power to kings
• Church maintained high power
• Cultural Diffusion
• Spreading of ideas and trade

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Manufacturing

• Domestic system
• Goods made in the home
• Fairs
• Bartering
• Growth of cities

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City Life

• Very unhealthy
• No police or street lights
• Dangerous
• Dumped wastes

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Black Death

• Most believe it was passed by rats
• 25 million deaths
• Shook faith
• Why?
• Working class demanded higher wages
• Began uprisings

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What did Europe look like?

• Germanic tribes set up their own weak
  governments.
• Each kingdom had many tribes within it
• The most influential were the Franks

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The Franks

• Each tribe had its own king
• Clovis
• 481 became king of one of the tribes
• Began taking over other tribes
• A few years later converted to Christianity
• Following Frankish custom Clovis Empire was
  divided among his sons
• Weakens the whole
• In-fighting
• Unaware of danger (out in)

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Franks

• Clovis- king of the Franks
• United several Frankish tribes around Gaul
• Merovingians- Clovis and his successors

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Rise of the Franks

• The Franks controlled the largest of the
  Post-Roman Kingdoms starting in about 500
• The King of the Franks was weak, and one of the
  nobles, known as Mayor of the Palace, Charles
  the Hammer, became very powerful.
• Charles the Hammer led a group of knights that
  defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in
  732.

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Charlemagne
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Rise of Charlemagne

• To repay Charles the Hammer for defeating the
  Muslims, the Pope crowned his son Pepin the
  Short King of the Franks officially in 751.
• When Pepin died, his son Charlemagne, meaning
  Charles the Great, took over.
• (At this point Charlemagne is just King of
  the Franks)

Popeleader of the Catholic Church
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• Pepin
• 687 Began reunification of the Empire
• Charles Martel (Pepins son)
• 714 succeeded his father
• 732 defeated the Moors _at_the Battle of Tours

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Franks

• Pepin III (The Short)
• New line of kings, Carolingians
• Endorsed by the church after defeating Germanic
  tribes advancing on Italy
• Charlemagne- Pepins son
• Becomes the greatest of all Frankish kings
• 768-814 AD

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Charlemagne

• Martels grandson
• Most powerful Christian ruler
• Coronated by the Pope, Emperor of the Romans
• Intellectual Renewal
• Learned to read as an adult
• Felt clergy and leaders should know as well
• Mini-Renaissance

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• At 6 feet tall, he was a towering figure, and
  became very powerful.

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• Charlemagne was the most potent powerful
  prince with the greatest skill and success in
  different countries. Great and powerful as was
  the land of the Franks, when Charlemagne
  inherited it from his father, he nevertheless
  almost doubled it!
• -Christian Monk
• Question According to the Monk, What is
  Charlemagnes greatest accomplishment?

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Bigger Empire

• Charlemagne created the biggest Empire in Europe
  since Rome.
• He introduced many new people to Christianity.
• Most powerful King in Europe
• He defeated a group of Lombards threatening the
  Vatican in Italy.
• To thank him, in 800 Pope Leo III crowned him
  emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

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Charlemagne

• Crowned as Roman emperor
• Appointed counts to manage regions
• Also appointed the lords messengers
• Encouraged the spread of Christianity
• Sometimes by force

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Conquests

• Before Charlemagne

• After Charlemagne

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Running an Empire

• Charlemagne limited the power of nobles
• Visited every part of his empire
• Built new Christian schools

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Charlemagne

• Died in 814
• Throne passed to Louis the Pious
• Then on to his sons
• Lothair
• Charles the Bald
• Louis the German
• Split empire among themselves in the Treaty of
  Verdun

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Charlemagne Dies

• Charlemagne named his only son Louis to be the
  next emperor.
• Louis died and the empire was split between his
  three sons.
• The sons fought for control, and in the end split
  the empire, making them very weak.
• After this, Europe turns full force to feudalism,
  VERY WEAK kings, strong Pope!

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The Decline of the Frankish Empire

• Following traditionwhat happened to
  Charlemagnes empire?
• Weakens the whole
• In-fighting
• Unaware of danger (out in)
• Invaders swarmed in

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Decline of the Franks

• Factors leading to decline
• Constant fighting among the sons
• Always threatened by outside invasion
• Vikings
• Magyars
• Muslim invaders

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