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THE WATER CYCLE

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ABSORPTION OF INSOLATION WATER: -NEEDS MORE ENERGY TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE. THAN LAND -HEATS UP AND COOLS OFF MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND -REFLECTS INSOLATION BETTER THAN ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: THE WATER CYCLE


1
THE WATER CYCLE
2
THE WATER CYCLE
-THE SUPPLY OF WATER ON EARTH IS CONSTANTLY BEING
RECYCLED BETWEEN THE OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE AND LAND
3
HOW WATER ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
1) EVAPORATION
2)TRANSPIRATION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING PLANTS RELEASE WATER
VAPOR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
4
HOW WATER LEAVES THE ATMOSPHERE
1) WATER VAPOR CONDENSES ON A CONDENSATION NUCLEI
2) DROPLETS BECOME BIG ENOUGH TO FALL TO THE
SURFACE AS PRECIPITATION
5
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PRECIPITATION AFTER IT FALLS
OUT OF THE SKY?
-50 RETURNS TO THE ATMOSPHERE BY EVAPORATION
-18 INFILTRATES (SINKS) INTO THE GROUND.
-32 IS SURFACE RUNOFF THAT ENTERS LAKES AND
RIVERS
6
GROUNDWATER
7
GROUNDWATER
-WATER THAT INFILTRATES (SINKS) THE EARTHS
SURFACE
-ONLY 0.6 OF THE EARTHS WATER EXISTS WITHIN THE
GROUND AS GROUNDWATER
-GROUNDWATER IS FRESH WATER
8
GROUNDWATER ZONES
-AFTER INFILTRATING THE GROUND, GROUNDWATER
OCCUPIES DISTINCT ZONES
9
-ZONE OF SATURATION-
-ALL SPACES, CRACKS AND OTHER OPENINGS IN THE
SOIL AND ROCK GRAINS BECOME COMPLETELY FILLED
WITH WATER
-WATER WILL STOP SINKING INTO THE SOIL ONCE IT
HAS REACHED A LAYER OF SOLID ROCK IMPERMEABLE
BEDROCK UNDERNEATH THE SATURATED ZONE
10
-THE WATER TABLE-
THE UPPERMOST SURFACE OF THE SATURATED ZONE
-SOIL AND ROCK ACT AS A NATURAL FILTER ALLOWING
GROUNDWATER TO BE A GOOD SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
-WELLS MUST REACH BELOW THE WATER TABLE IN ORDER
TO YIELD A GOOD SUPPLY OF WATER
11
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STORAGE AND MOVEMENT OF
GROUNDWATER
12
POROSITY
THE PERCENTAGE OF EMPTY SPACE , THAT DETERMINES
HOW MUCH AIR OR WATER A SAMPLE OF ROCK CAN HOLD
MOST POROUS
1) SOILS CONTAINING ROUND PARTICLES THAT ARE ALL
THE SAME SIZE
2) PARTICLES THAT ARE NOT CLOSELY PACKED
13
LEAST POROUS
1) FLATTENED OR ANGULAR SOIL PARTICLES
2) MIXTURE OF PARTICLE SIZES IN A SOIL. SMALLER
PARTICLES CAN FIT INTO LARGER PARTICLE SPACES
14
(No Transcript)
15
PERMEABILITY
ABILITY OF A SOIL TO TRANSMIT WATER
-RATE OF PERMEABILITY
-HOW FAST WATER CAN PASS THOUGH A SOIL
-DEPENDS ON SIZE OF THE PORES AND HOW WELL THEY
ARE CONNECTED
16
MOST PERMEABLE
-LARGE PORES
-WELL CONNECTED PORES
17
SURFACE RUNOFF
1) WHEN RAINFALL EXCEEDS THE PERMEABILITY RATE OF
THE SOIL
2) WHEN A SOIL IS SATURATED
3) WHEN THE SLOPE OR GRADIENT OF A SOILS SURFACE
IS TOO GREAT FOR INFILTRATION TO OCCUR
4) IF THE GROUND IS BELOW 0OC
18
CAPILLARITY
ABILITY OF THE SOIL TO DRAW WATER UPWARD INTO
TINY SPACES BETWEEN SOIL GRAINS
-PULLS WATER UP AGAINST GRAVITY BECAUSE OF THE
ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE WATER AND THE SURFACE OF
THE SOIL MOLECULES
-SOILS COMPOSED OF VERY SMALL PARTICLES SHOW THE
GREATEST CAPILLARY UPTAKE
19
GREATEST CAPILLARITY
20
WATER FOR STREAM FLOW
21
-DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER PRECIPITATION,
STREAMS RECEIVE WATER FROM OVERLAND FLOW
-STREAMS FLOW DURING DRY PERIODS BECAUSE OF WATER
COMING FROM THE GROUND
22
RAINFALL AND STREAM FLOW
-STREAMS AND RIVERS DO NOT RESPOND IMMEDIATELY TO
RAINFALL
-MOST PRECIPITATION FALLS ON THE GROUND AND THEN
MUST FLOW OVER THE LAND AS RUNOFF TO REACH A
STREAM
-A LAG TIME EXISTS BETWEEN MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION
AND MAXIMUM STREAM DISCHARGE
23
HOW QUICKLY DOES A STREAM RESPOND TO
PRECIPITATION?
1)LARGE RIVERS RESPOND SLOWLY
-MOST RUNOFF MUST FLOW A GREAT DISTANCE TO REACH
THE RIVERS
2) SMALL RIVERS AND STREAMS IN MOUNTAIN AREAS
RESPOND QUICKLY
-SURFACE RUNOFF IS QUICKLY DISTRIBUTED
24
WATERSHEDS
-GEOGRAPHIC AREA THAT DRAINS INTO A PARTICULAR
STREAM OR BODY OF WATER
25
INSOLATION
26
INSOLATION Incoming SOlar radiATION
-THE SUNS ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY THAT REACHES
THE EARTH
27
INTENSITY STRENGTH OF INSOLATION DEPENDS ON
SEVERAL FACTORS
1) ANGLE OF INSOLATTION
2) DURATION OF INSOLATION
3) TYPE OF SURFACE THE INSOLATION STRIKES
28
ANGLE OF INSOLATION
-MEASURE OF HOW HIGH THE SUN IS IN THE SKY.
-THE ANGLE IS MEASURED FROM THE HORIZON UP TO THE
POSITION OF THE SUN
EX
-THE NOON SUN HAS THE GREATEST ANGLE OF INSOLATION
NOON HAS THE GREATEST INTENSITY OF INSOLATION PER
UNIT AREA
29
EX
IN THE MORNING AND THE AFTERNOON WHEN THE SUN IS
LOWER IN THE SKY, SUNLIGHT IS LESS DIRECT AND
LESS INTENSE
30
THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION CHANGES SEASONALLY.
IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
HIGHEST INSOLATION SUMMER SOLSTICE (JUNE 21)
LOWEST INSOLATIONWINTER SOLSTICE(DEC 21)
31
BECAUSE THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL, EACH LATITUDE
RECEIVES A DIFFERENT ANGLE OF INSOLATION
BETWEEN 23 ½ N AND 23 ½ S LATITUDE
-RECEIVE VERTICAL RAYS (90o OF INSOLATION) EACH
DAY AT NOON
-THIS EXPLAINS SUCH WARM TEMPERATURES AROUND THE
EQUATOR
32
MOVEMENT FARTHER N AND S OF THE EQUATOR
THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION BECOMES LESS (LESS ANGLE
BETWEEN THE HORIZON AND THE SUN.)
SLANTING RAYS ARE WEAKER IN INTENSITY BECAUSE
THEY DISTRIBUTE THEIR ENERGY OVER A LARGER AREA
33
DURATION OF INSOLATION
-LENGTH OF TIME FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET
-AT ANY LOCATION ON EARTH, THE TOTAL TIME THE SUN
IS ABOVE THE HORIZON IS 6 MONTHS A YEAR.
EQUATOR12 HOURS DAYLIGHT, 12 HOURS NIGHT
NORTH POLE6 MONTHS OF SUNLIGHT, 6 MONTHS DARKNESS
34
ABSORPTION OF INSOLATION
WATER
-NEEDS MORE ENERGY TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE. THAN
LAND
-HEATS UP AND COOLS OFF MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND
-REFLECTS INSOLATION BETTER THAN LAND
35
-INSOLATION CAN PENETRATE DEEPER THAN LAND
BECAUSE WATER IS TRANSPARENT
-CONVECTION IN WATER CAN CARRY HEAT ENERGY DEEP
IN THE HYDROSPHERE.
THE SAME AMOUNT OF INSOLATION CAN TRAVEL
THROUGH A GREATER VOLUME OF WATER THAN LAND
36
REFLECTION OF INSOLATION
-LIGHT COLORED OBJECTS REFLECT INSOLATION BETTER
SNOW ICE WATER
-CAUSES COOLER TEMPERATURES IN THESE AREAS
37
TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
-ENERGY WAVES EMITTED BY THE SUN ARE SHORTER IN
WAVELENGTH THAN THOSE RELEASED AS INFRARED FROM
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
-LONG INFRARED WAVES ARE ABSORBED BY GASSES AND
ARE TRAPPED IN THE ATMOSPHERE, SIMILAR TO A
GREENHOUSE
38
THE INSOLATION-TEMPERATURE LAG
-A TIME LAG EXISTS BETWEEN THE TIME OF MAXIMUM
INSOLATION AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
39
CLIMATE
40
CLIMATE
-BASED ON ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS OVER A LONG
PERIOD OF TIME
-THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION OF AN
AREA DETERMINES THE CLIMATE OF A PARTICULAR
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
41
UNITED STATES CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
-GENERALLY GETS COOLER THE FARTHER NORTH YOU
TRAVEL
PRECIPITATION
-MOST OF SOUTHWEST US IS CONSIDERED AN ARID
CLIMATE
-THERE IS NOT ENOUGH PRECIPITATION TO SATISFY
WHAT COULD EVAPORATE UNDER THE HOT AND DRY
CONDITIONS THERE
42
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
LATITUDE
-IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE AVERAGE LOCAL TEMPERATURES
-AS THE DISTANCE FROM THE EQUATOR INCREASES, THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DECREASES
-LOCATIONS IN THE MID LATITUDES EXPERIENCE LARGE
SEASONAL CHANGES IN TEMPERATURES
43
ALTITUDE
-HIGH ALTITUDE LOCATIONS HAVE COOL CLIMATES
BECAUSE AIR COOLS AS IT REACHES HIGHER ELEVATIONS
ADIABATIC COOLING
AIR RISES?AIR EXPANDS DUE TO LESS PRESSURE?AIR
COOLS
44
MOUNTAIN RANGES
-CAN MODIFY TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
EX WARM, MOIST AIR FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN IS
OFTEN FORCED TO RISE DUE TO A MOUNTAIN BARRIER.
THE AIR UNDERGOES ADIABATIC COOLING AND MAY COOL
BELOW DEW POINT AND CAUSE PRECIPITATION
45
LOCATIONS ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN
WILL BE MORE MOIST
LOCATIONS ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN
WILL BE WARMER AND DRIER
46
OCEANS AND LARGE BODIES OF WATER
-BECAUSE OF WATERS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT, IT WARMS
UP AND COOLS OFF MUCH MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND
-LOCATIONS NEAR LARGE BODIES OF WATER HAVE MORE
MODERATE CLIMATES-WARMER WINTERS AND COOLER
SUMERS
-LOCATIONS INLAND HAVE GREATER SEASONAL
TEMPERATURES
47
OCEAN CURRENTS
THE TEMPERATURE OF A CURRENT OF WATER WILL AFFECT
THE AIR TEMPERATURE ABOVE IT
EX THE GULF STREAM
WARM WATER COMES UP FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND
BRINGS WARM AIR WITH IT
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