The

1
The Confident Years

• 1952-1964

2
The Eisenhower Presidency
3
Eisenhowers Philosophy

• Moderate Republicanism
• aka Dynamic Conservatism
• Middle course between liberalism and
  conservativism
• Pro-business policies, reduce govt. spending
• Keeps the fundamentals of the New Deal

4
A More Liberal Supreme Court

• New chief justice Earl Warren more liberal
  than in the past
• Yates v. United States stops prosecutions of
  communists
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Declares school segregation unconstitutional
• Orders South to desegregate at all deliberate
  speed
• Southern states refuse, delay
• KKK revives
• Southern Manifesto members of Congress denounce
  Brown

5
Eisenhower Civil Rights

• Little Rock Nine
• Ike sends in the National Guard to protect them
• Ike sees segregation as a threat to our national
  security
• Other countries wont support us

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Eisenhower The Cold War
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Ikes Cold War Philosophy

• Wants to please right-wing Republicans
• Picks John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State
• massive retaliation
• Brinkmanship
• Ike is more moderate
• Lets Soviets crush uprisings in East Germany,
  Hungary
• Works with Soviets to limit nuclear weapons
  testing
• Focus shifts to the Third World

8
CIA Covert Actions

• CIA works to overthrow regimes friendly to
  Communism
• Coup to overthrow the government of Iran in 1953
• Prime minister had nationalized oil fields
• Put in pro-American Shah who gives us a good rate
  on oil
• But Iranians hate us!
• Overthrow democratically elected government in
  Guatemala
• It had redistributed United Fruit Company land to
  the poor
• We put in a dictator

9
The Vietnam Domino

• Ho Chi Minh (a communist )and the Vietminh are
  fighting France for control of Vietnam
• French surrender, agree to hold elections
• Domino Theory afraid that if Vietnam goes
  Communist, all of Asia will too
• We call off elections, put Diem in power in South
  Vietnam

10
Trouble in the Third World

• Suez Crisis
• Nasser in Egypt wants to modernize
• We want to help him build the Aswan Dam
• We pull out funding when he recognizes China
• Nasser nationalizes the British-owned Suez Canal
• Britain, France, and Israel attack Egypt
• Eisenhower makes them withdraw
• Consequences Antiwestern sentiment in the Middle
  East, we take responsibility in the region
• U-2 spy plane shot down

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The Affluent Society
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The New Industrial Society (1)

• Govt. spending keeps up after WWII
• Defense industries, technology, research
• Workplace changes
• Now more white collar jobs than blue collar
• Automation, company culture
• Auto industry booms
• 2-car families
• Interstate Highway Act
• Cars ? homogeny (McDonalds, Drive-ins, motels)

13
The New Industrial Society (2)

• Corporate consolidation
• 0.5 of businesses control over 50 of corporate
  income
• Conglomerations mergers, oligopolies
• More bureaucracy
• Farming more mechanized
• Huge farms, few small farmers
• Environmental costs Silent Spring

14
Blue-Collar Blues

• AFL CIO merge in 1955
• 85 of all union workers
• Much fewer strikes
• Most workers already have what they want
• Decrease in blue collar workers

15
Prosperity and the Suburbs

• Middle class can afford to move to the suburbs
• Can get there because of highways
• Planned communities, homogenous
• Can spend more income on wants instead of needs
• Consumerism
• First credit card introduced Diners Club

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Consensus Conservatism
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The Baby Boom Domesticity

• Baby Boom generation born between 1946-1964
• Good economic times ? earlier marriages, more
  kids
• Dr. Spock advice for mothers stay at home,
  live for your babies and husbands
• Popular culture glorifies womens roles as
  full-time moms
• TV shows, books, magazines, education
• Even while many poor women have to work

18
1950s Culture

• Television Conformity
• White middle-class families
• Religion Resurgence of moderate Christianity
• Trying to separate ourselves from Communists
• Education Enrollment increases
• Prize well-rounded students over intelligence,
  skills
• Teen Culture
• Teenager is a new word
• Companies see them as a new market

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The Other America
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Poverty Urban Blight

• 35 million Americans live in poverty
• Concentrated in cities and rural areas
• The Other America Michael Harrington
• Shows slums, poverty
• Govt. does not build low-income housing
• Banks, landlords wont sell to nonwhites

21
The Civil Rights Movement

• Nonviolent resistance movement
• Rosa Parks, Montgomery bus boycott
• Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC
• Brought attention to the issues, shows African
  Americans will not accept segregation

22
Latinos and Latinas, Native Americans

• Latinos Latinas
• New wave of immigrants from the Caribbean
• Immigrants are underpaid, overcharged, segregated
• Bracero program reintroduced
• Increase in illegal immigration
• Native Americans
• Poorest minority, highest death rates and
  unemployment
• Congress withdraws financial support from many
  reservations

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Seeds of Disquiet
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Sputnik

• Soviets launch first satellite October 4, 1957
  Sputnik
• U.S. govt. is scared it has fallen behind
• for missile development
• Creates NASA
• Improve American education in science and math

25
Dangerous Trends

• Media focuses on juvenile delinquency
• Fear of teenage crime
• Rock-and-roll
• White middle class sees it as race music
• Think it will corrupt youth
• Elvis Presley

26
Nonconformity

• Teens want to rebel from mainstream culture
• Rock n roll, cult movies, Mad magazine
• Beat Movement group of writers who reject
  conformity, materialism, family values
• Jack Keruoac, Allen Ginsberg

27
Eisenhowers Legacy

• Farewell address
• Warns of the military-industrial complex
• Says that our economy is now tied to military
  expenditures
• Dangerous could lead to unnecessary wars

28
The Kennedy Presidency
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Election 1960

• Kennedy Advantages
• Young
• Charismatic smooth style
• Good speaker
• Kennedy Disadvantages
• -Roman Catholic
• -Unknown politician
• -Inexperienced
• -Considered a party boy

30
Election 1960

• Nixon Advantages
• -Vice President
• -Republican economy doing well, at the moment
• -Experienced
• -President Eisenhower popularity
• Nixon Disadvantages
• -Not personable
• -President Eisenhower
• -Not charismatic

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Presidential Candidates 1960Similarities?
32
Presidential Candidates 2008Similarities?
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A New Beginning

• John F. Kennedy
• Liberal, thinks activist govt. can improve lives
  of Americans
• Calls it the New Frontier
• Beats Richard Nixon in 1960
• Very close election, comes down to TV
• (show debate)
• Kennedy Mystique idea of the Kennedys as a
  perfect family

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Kennedys Domestic Record

• Tries to stimulate economic growth
• Increases defense spending, nuclear weapons,
  race to the moon
• Wants to cut corporate taxes
• Doesnt get through Congress
• But the economy is booming anyways
• He doesnt do much else domestically
• (show inaug.)

35
Outgoing and Incoming Presidents
1960Similarities?
36
Outgoing and Incoming Presidents
2008Similarities?
37
Camelot and the Kennedy Mystique
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Camelot

• Youth movement in the White House
• - youthful
• - kids
• - exciting
• - trendy
• Camelot the musical based on a king and knights
  who worked to perform noble deeds, greatness.
• JFK administration was portrayed as the same and
  referred to as Camelot.

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Camelot

• An administration of the best and the brightest.
• Very talented and educated people with new ideas.
• Considered public service to be exciting and
  glamorous.
• Work hard, play hard mentality.

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Camelot
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Camelot
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Camelot
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Camelot
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Camelot
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Camelot(show Happy Birthday)
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Kennedy and the Cold War (1)

• Believes we must have the superior force
• Military spending, brinkmanship
• Economic assistance to the Third World
• Peace Corps
• Bay of Pigs fiasco
• We send Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, overthrow
  Fidel Castro
• Huge failure!

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Foreign Affairs

• The Bay of Pigs
• April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs goes launches
• Complete disaster/failure
• - CIA trained exiles fell short of Cuba and
  landed in coral reefs
• - As they reached land Cuban troops were
  waiting, killed and captured exiles
• - JFK was urged to send in Air Force but refused

50
Foreign Affairs

• The Bay of Pigs
• Result
• JFK was criticized for interfering with other
  countries
• First major foreign affairs issue was a failure
  and JFK took all the blame
• Victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an
  orphan.
• (show footage)

51
Kennedy and the Cold War (2)

• Berlin Crisis
• Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev demands U.S.
  withdraw troops from West Berlin
• Kennedy refuses, looks like war
• Soviets build a wall to seal of East Berlin
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• We discover Soviets building nuclear missile
  sites in Cuba
• We are at a stand off for 13 days
• Closest we come to nuclear war
• Compromise we pull missile out of Turkey, they
  pull theirs out of Cuba

52
Foreign Affairs

• Berlin
• JFK meets with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to
  discuss East and West Berlin.
• Berlin was divided after WWII
• -East Communist
• -West Democracy

53
Foreign Affairs

• Berlin
• The border between East and West was closed
  everywhere except Berlin.
• Berlin became an escape route for people escaping
  out of the Communist East 25,000 people per day.
• Soviet Union feared they would lose their
  workforce.

54
Foreign Affairs

• Berlin
• During the summit Khrushchev told JFK he would
  not continue to allow this.
• JFK responded that he would defend the West even
  if it meant war.
• The Soviet Union responded by building a wall to
  prevent East Germans from leaving, The Berlin
  Wall.

55
Foreign Affairs

• Berlin
• Result
• -JFK gave a speech in West Berlin criticizing the
  wall and Communism I am a Berliner
• -U.S. and Western Europe was outraged at the
  building of the wall, strengthened their bond to
  prevent Communist spread
• (show footage)

56
Kennedy and the Cold War (2)

• Cuban Missile Crisis
• We discover Soviets building nuclear missile
  sites in Cuba
• We are at a stand off for 13 days
• Closest we come to nuclear war
• Compromise we pull missile out of Turkey, they
  pull theirs out of Cuba

57
Foreign Affairs

• Cuban Missile Crisis
• (show footage)
• October, 1962
• A year after the Bay of Pigs the Cold War
  escalates to its highest level again in Cuba
• U-2 spy planes monitoring Cuba discover Soviet
  Union missile launching sites in Cuba
• Sites capable of launching nuclear war heads at
  the US

58
Foreign Affairs

• Cuban Missile Crisis
• JFK forms the Executive Committee for National
  Security, ExCom
• 12 most trusted advisors to determine how to
  respond
• ExCom agreed that something must be done but did
  not agree on what
• Two options
• 1. bomb the launch
• sites, or,
• 2. quarantine

59
JFK Assassination

• JFK assassinated in Dallas
• Lee Harvey Oswald
• He is killed by Jack Ruby
• Makes a martyr of JFK
• Mixed record as President
• Doesnt fully support, helps the economy by
  building the military, not helping people
• Signs nuclear test ban treaty, but huge arms
  build up

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Box 8-9 Assassination
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Assassination

• Background
• President JFK and VP LBJ take a campaign trip to
  Dallas TX.
• -LBJ and Texas governor John Connally arrange the
  trip
• -3 goals for the trip
• Raise campaign funds
• Reelection
• JFK barely won in TX and lost in Dallas

62
Assassination

• Background
• Plans of a trip to Dallas are released in
  September and the motorcade route was announced
  to the press two days prior.
• In mid October, Lee Harvey Oswald takes a job at
  the Texas School Book Depository making a 1.25
  filling book orders.
• TX School Book Depository is located on the
  motorcade route.

63
Assassination

• Background
• October 1963 JFKs United Nations Secretary
  Adlai Stevenson attends a meeting in Dallas
• Stevenson was harassed, hit, and spit on by
  Texans
• Stevenson and other JFK advisors warned him about
  going to Dallas
• Dallas did not like JFK

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Assassination

• Friday November 22, 1963
• 1140 a.m.CST
• -JFK along with Jacqueline, VP LBJ and Lady Bird
  arrive at Dallas Love Field Airport
• -From there they would proceed in a motorcade to
  the Dallas Trade Mart where JFK would give a
  speech at a luncheon with Dallas businessmen and
  political leaders.

65
Assassination

• Friday November 22, 1963
• 1155 a.m. CST
• JFK leaves the airport en route to the Trade Mart
• 15 to 20 minutes behind schedule
• JFK was scheduled to arrive at the Trade Mart at
  12 noon
• The motorcade stops twice en route to the Trade
  Mart to shake hands and greet Catholic school
  kids and nuns.

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Assassination

• Friday November 22, 1963
• 1229 p.m. CST
• -Presidential limo enters the Dealey Plaza
• Just before 1230 p.m. CST
• -JFK motorcade begins approaching TX School Book
  Depository
• -Motorcade begins to turn away from the
  Depository off of Houston and onto Elm Street

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Assassination

• 1230 p.m. CST
• Soon after the Presidents limo turns onto Elm
  Street 3 shots are fired
• First shot does not hit JFK
• Second shot strikes JFK in the back and exits
  through his throat
• Several seconds go by
• -Third shot hits JFK in the head opening up the
  right side of his head
• (show footage CBS breaking news)

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Zapruder Film
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Assassination

• 1231 p.m. CST
• Mrs. Kennedy climbs to the back of the limo
• Secret Service agents storm the Presidential limo
  to cover JFK
• Limo speeds up to leave the scene and rush JFK to
  Parkland Hospital
• (show Zapruder film)

70
Assassination

• 1245 p.m. CST
• At Parkland Hospital doctors work frantically to
  save President Kennedys life
• Perform various surgeries all with no result
• A Roman Catholic Priest is called in to read JFK
  his last rites
• 100 p.m. CST
• Doctors at Parkland Hospital pronounce JFK dead
• (show W. Cronkite last 45 seconds)

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JFK Autopsy Photos
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JFK Autopsy Photos
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JFK Autopsy Photos
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Assassination

• 133 p.m. CST
• -White House Press Secretary for the Dallas trip
  (Malcolm Kilduff) meets with reporters
• President John F. Kennedy died at approximately
  100 p.m. Central Standard Time today, here in
  Dallas. He died of a gunshot wound to the brain.
  I have no other details regarding the
  assassination of the President.
• (show footage)

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Assassination

• Monday November 25, 1963
• The End of Camelot
• -250,000 came to pay last respects to President
  Kennedy
• Over 90 countries were represented at the funeral
• 300,000 people attended the funeral precession

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Assassination

• Reaction to the death of JFK
• 99 of Americans knew what was going on within 3
  hours of the assassination
• Cleveland Browns fans had signs that read Dallas
  Killed the President
• People gathered in department stores to watch TV
  coverage
• Schools/Businesses closed

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Assassination

• Reaction to the death of JFK
• -54 of Americans did not continue their normal
  activity
• -44 of Americans were mad
• -50 of Americans felt shame that this occurred
  in America
• -29 of Americans smoked more
• -43 of Americans said they did not want to eat
• High percentage of Americans reported sleep
  problems and anxiety
• (show JFK funeral (300 part)

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Assassination

• 238 p.m. CST
• JFK body and Jacqueline Kennedy board Air Force
  One
• LBJ is already on board and waiting
• With Jacqueline Kennedy at his side LBJ is sworn
  in as the 36th President of the United States
• (LBJ speech footage)

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Civil Rights Liberalism
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Nonviolent Resistance

• Freedom Rides through the South
• Beaten, buses burned
• JFK only steps in when he thinks it will make us
  look bad
• Birmingham, Alabama
• Marches, sit-ins to draw attention to segregation
• Gets national press coverage, gets JFK to call
  for a Civil Rights Act
• March on Washington I Have a Dream
• To get support for the Civil Rights Act

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Civil Rights Legislation

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Banned racial discrimination and segregation in
  public accommodations
• Allows the govt. to enforce it
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Gets rid of literacy tests, allows federal govt.
  to register voters
• Only after Freedom Summer

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Lyndon Baines Johnson

• Becomes President when JFK dies
• Can get JFKs Civil Rights Act, tax cut passed
• Declares war on poverty
• Economic Opportunity Act 1964
• Job Corps, VISTA, Head Start
• Vision of a Great Society
• End poverty, racial injustice, provide
  opportunity to all

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The 1964 Election

• Republican conservatives horrified at the Great
  Society
• Nominate Barry Goldwater
• Outsider from the West, anticommunist, against
  liberalism, for small government
• LBJ portrays Goldwater as a dangerous extremist

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The Great Society

• LBJ gets tons of legislation passed
• Medicare Medicaid
• Health insurance for the elderly, the poor
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Abolishes quota system from the 1920s
• Environmental protection
• Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act
• Was the Great Society a success?
• Poverty rate decreases
• But its underfunded, and we get bogged down in
  Vietnam