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The Arab-Israeli Conflict

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Chapter 26, Section 4 and Chapter 28, Section 2 During the 1800s, persecution of Jews led to the modern form of Zionism. Zionism is a political movement which called ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Arab-Israeli Conflict


1
The Arab-Israeli Conflict
  • Chapter 26, Section 4 and
  • Chapter 28, Section 2

2
Zionism
  • During the 1800s, persecution of Jews led to the
    modern form of Zionism.
  • Zionism is a political movement which called for
    the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in
    Palestine.
  • As anti-Semitism spread throughout Europe, the
    calls for Zionism became much louder.

3
Zionism
  • In 1897, Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian Jew living in
    Austria, formed an organization to promote
    Zionism.
  • Under Herzls encouragement, Jews from Eastern
    Europe began migrating to the British mandate of
    Palestine.
  • They set up communities there and called on
    Britain and other European powers to support them.

4
The Balfour Declaration
  • In 1917, the British government issued the
    Balfour Declaration.
  • The key paragraph declared
  • His Majestys Government views with favour the
    establishment in Palestine of a national home for
    the Jewish people it being clearly understood
    that nothing shall be done which may prejudice
    the civil and religious rights of existing
    non-Jewish communities in Palestine.

5
Arab Response
  • At the same time as the Balfour Declaration,
    nationalism was spreading throughout the Middle
    East.
  • Although Arabs greatly outnumbered Jewish
    settlers in Palestine, increasing Jewish
    migration during the 1930s led to heightened
    tensions.
  • Zionist leaders helped Jews to buy land from Arab
    farmers.
  • Those landless Arab farmers were then forced to
    move to the cities where they found little
    opportunities and severe hardships.

6
The Founding of Israel
  • During and after World War II, thousands of
    Jewish refugees had left Europe for Palestine.
  • Hitlers murder of 6 million Jews during the
    Holocaust showed the need for a homeland where
    Jews could live in safety.
  • Arabs, unhappy to be giving up their land to the
    Jews, began attacking Jewish settlements.
  • Unable to end the violence, and exhausted by
    World War II, Britain withdrew from Palestine and
    turned the area over to the United Nations.

7
Partition and War
  • In 1947, the UN recommended that Palestine be
    partitioned, or divided, into a Jewish state and
    an Arab state.
  • Zionists accepted the plan.
  • Arabs, however, objected to giving any territory
    to Jews.
  • When the last British troops left Palestine in
    May 1948, Jews announced the creation of the
    state of Israel.
  • Israel then won recognition from major world
    powers.

8
Arab-Israeli War
  • To neighboring Arabs, Israel was a creation of
    the western powers who wanted to continue their
    domination of the Middle East.
  • Vowing to destroy Israel, Arab nations declared
    war at once.
  • Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon send
    separate military forces against Israel.
  • Despite suffering heavy losses, Israel defended
    itself and defeated the divided Arab forces.

9
Palestinian Refugees
  • More than 500,000 Arabs fled or were driven out
    of Palestine during and after the 1948 war.
  • Many Palestinians settled in UN refugee camps.
  • These camps were designed to be temporary, but
    soon became home to several generations of
    Palestinians.
  • Arab and Palestinian leaders resisted leaving
    these camps because they felt that would be
    interpreted as a willingness to give up their
    goal of regaining a Palestinian homeland.

10
Continued Conflict
  • Since the 1948 war, the conflict between Israel
    and its Arab neighbors had erupted into three
    more wars.
  • While Israel won each of these wars, its enemies
    were not entirely defeated.
  • Cold War
  • During the Cold War, the United States provided
    military and economic aid to Israel.
  • Israels Arab enemies turned to the Soviet Union
    for support.

11
PLO
  • In 1964, Palestinian leaders formed the Palestine
    Liberation Organization (PLO) to reclaim
    Palestine and destroy Israel.
  • PLO activists waged guerrilla war against Israel.
  • By the 1970s, the PLO and other radical groups
    spread the Arab-Israeli conflict beyond the
    Middle East.
  • They lashed out at the United States and other
    nations which had supported Israel.
  • They often used kidnappings, assassinations, and
    terror attacks to achieve their means.

Former PLO President Yasser Arafat
12
The Struggle to Achieve Peace
  • Peace between Israel and the Arab world has been
    difficult.
  • Over the years, several peace attempts have been
    made
  • Camp David Accords President Carter, Israeli
    Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and Egyptian
    President Anwar El Sadat.
  • Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in order to gain
    formerly lost land.
  • The Arab world saw Egypt as betraying them.
  • Sadat was assassinated two years later.

13
Intifada
  • In 1987, Palestinians, angered over years of
    Israeli military control, began a mass uprising
    against Jews.
  • This uprising is known as the intifada, or the
    shaking.
  • Israel responded forcefully to this uprising,
    killing many and destroying homes.
  • Arabs began to turn to extremist groups (Hamas,
    Fatah) in order to have their needs met.

14
Further Attempts at Peace
  • One of the main areas of contention between the
    Israelis and Palestinians concerned the occupied
    territories of the West Bank, Golan Heights, and
    Gaza Strip.
  • At the 1993 Oslo Accords, Israel and the PLO
    agreed to recognize one another in an attempt to
    stop the ongoing violence.

15
Unresolved Issues
  • Several issues between Israel and Palestine
    continue to exist because the Oslo Accords did
    not solve them.
  • These issues include
  • Control of Jerusalem (In 1980, Israel made
    Jerusalem its capital. Palestinians want to make
    East Jerusalem the capital of Palestine.)
  • The right of return Palestinians want to
    return to the lands that they fled during the
    Arab-Israeli wars.
  • The future of Jewish settlements in the West
    Bank, Gaza Strip, and Eastern Jerusalem.
  • Compromise is difficult because both sides
    believe in the justice of their cause.
  • As a result, the bloodshed continues in the
    Middle East.
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