APA Style Guidelines

1
APA Style Guidelines

• (Name-Date Method)

2
MLA Style Guidelines

• APA American Psychological Association
• Widely used in Social Sciences

3
APA Style

• Uses parenthetical citations like MLA style, but
  instead of listing author and page, APA lists
  author and date of publication
• This practice covers print-based or electronic
  sources

4
APA Style

• Often in behavioural and social sciences
  reference is made to an entire argument or
  evidence presented, so page number is not always
  necessary
• Example
• There are many remarkable parallels between the
  way artists and scientists look at the world
  around us (Shlain, 1991).

5
APA Style

• All the same rules apply to quoting in APA as in
  MLA
• Mention the name of the author as you introduce
  the quotation
• If you state the name of the author as you
  introduce the quotation, the citation will
  consist of date of publication only

6
APA Style

• If you refer to a particular part of the source,
  or if you quote directly from it, you do need to
  supply relevant page number(s)
• Example
• As Leonard Shlain (1991) reminds us, Space,
  time, and light are of profound interest to both
  the physicist and the artist (p. 28).

7
APA Style

• If there are more than one author, use an
  ampersand rather than and to separate the names
• Example
• Although it is true that the religious and
  secular customs of the community sometimes helped
  women who had been assaulted or harassed, nothing
  could lessen the impact of war on the countryside
  and its inhabitants (Anderson Zinsser, 1988,
  1 pp. 115-116).

8
APA Style

• Also note in the above example that
• Authors name and date are separated by a comma
• Date and page number are separated by a comma
• The abbreviations p. and pp. are used for
  page and pages
• Both page numbers are given in their entirety
  (pp. 115-116)
• 1 pp. 115-116 means that the quotation is
  taken from volume one of the set

9
APA Style

• If a work has two authors, list both names every
  time you refer to the source
• If a work has three, four, or five authors, list
  all names the first time you refer to the source,
  and then only the first and et al. (not
  italicized or underlined) thereafter
• If a work has six or more authors, list only the
  first name and et al. each time, including the
  first

10
APA Style

• When naming the author in your text but not
  quoting directly from the source, put the year of
  publication in parentheses immediately after the
  author name
• Example
• John Helliwell (2002) provides an incisive
  analysis of the effects of globalization.

11
APA Style

• Online sources will follow most of the
  conventions of print sources (as detailed above)
• Exception
• If an online source has no page numbers, identify
  the paragraph or section number instead

12
APA Style

• Exceptions (contd)
• If page, paragraph, and section numbers are not
  used, identify the section by its heading and
  count the paragraphs following the heading to
  assign a number to the paragraph containing the
  material that you are citing
• Use the abbreviation para. for paragraph

13
APA Style

• For every source that you cite in your essay, you
  must include an entry at the end of your paper in
  a Works Cited
• Please consult your writing guide for proper MLA
  Works Cited style guidelines
• Note that Works Cited information is always
  double spaced (as is your essay)