Biochemistry ...

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Biochemistry ...
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• ... the chemistry of living things.

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There are only 106 kinds of stuff in the world.
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Each type of stuff is called an ...
hydrogen

• Element- substances that are composed of only one
  type of atom. (pure)

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Living things are made up of only some of these
elements.
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All elements are made up of small particles
called ...

• Atoms
• Nucleus
• Protons positive charge
• Neutrons neutral charge
• Electrons negative charge

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Electrons move around the nucleus, but not
necessarily in perfect circles.
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The 4 organic compounds we get from food are

• Carbohydrates- mostly sugars and starches for
  energy (70)
• Lipids(Fats)- needed in small amounts to
  regulate cells (10)
• Proteins- needed to build and maintain body
  (20)
• Nucleic Acids- needed to build genetic code
  (found in all foods)

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Carbohydrates
C H O
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• Digested into small monomers called
  monosaccharides.
• Glucose is an example of one. Also fructose,
  galactose, maltose, ...

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Monomer- one molecule
Polymer- 2 molecules combined
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Carbohydrates

• Two monosaccharides bonded together form a
  disaccharide, a small polymer.
• One water molecule is removed to join the 2
  monosaccharides.

C12 H22O11
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Carbohydrates

• Many monosaccharides joined together to create a
  large polymer, called a polysaccharide.
• The many starches are a good example.

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Lipids

• Digested into 2 smaller monomers, fatty acids and
  glycerol.
• Lipids are larger molecules that are mainly used
  to maintain cell health.

Fatty acid(oleic)
Glycerol
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Proteins

• Digested into 21 different monomers called amino
  acids. These building blocks recombine into new
  protein according to the animals genetic code.

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Here are a few amino acids.
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Arginine

• These join together in your body to make hair,
  skin, muscle, etc.!!

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Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide
bond to make a dipeptide, a small polymer.
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In reality, most proteins are made of MANY amino
acids joined together to make a polypeptide, a
large polymer.
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Nucleic Acids

• Compounds that make up our genetic material, DNA.

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One Nucleotide

• The base unit or
• monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide.
  Several nucleotides bond together to create a DNA
  molecule, a polymer.

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METABOLISM and ENZYMES Metabolism all of the
reactions in a cell.
Two basic kinds of reactions

1. Catabolic- complex molecules are broken down into
   simpler ones. Ex. Digesting starch into
   monosaccharides for energy

2. Anabolic- complex molecules are built up from
simpler ones. Ex. Combining amino acids to build
muscle protein
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In order for catabolic and anabolic reactions to
happen at the speed necessary to sustain life,
the reactions need Enzymes.
Catalyst- a chemical that speeds up reactions

• Enzymes- protein molecules that catalyze
• a biological reaction. Enzymes only work on
• specific substances(substrates). Enzymes
• are reusable.
• Active Site portion of the enzyme that
• the substrate fits in

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Substrate- molecule being acted on by the
enzyme
Product(s)- molecule or molecules created by the
reaction
Ex. Catabolic reaction splitting one molecule
into two
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Action of enzyme (Catabolic reaction)
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Action of enzyme (Anabolic reaction)
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Enzymes

• Lock and Key Analogy lock enzyme, key
  substrate.

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Lock and key hypothesis
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• Enzymes in the Human Body(2700 enzymes)
• Amylase in saliva speeds the breakdown of starch
  (catabolic)
• Lipase from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of
  lipids in the small intestine (catabolic)
• Polymerase is used in building DNA from monomer
  nucleotides. (anabolic)
• GTPases work in the cells to create protein
  chains from amino acids. (anabolic)
• Nuclease from the pancreas speeds the breakdown
  of DNA into nitrogen bases and sugars for the
  production of nucleotides (catabolic)

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Enzymes in Biotechnology 1. Washing powders that
have enzymes are called biological washing
powders. They act on certain stains such as
blood, grass stains proteases, oils, fats
lipases. They make the detergent more effective
(gets stains out better) and more efficient (use
less)
2. Esterase removes glues and other chemicals
from recycled paper as it is in the pulp stage
for making new paper
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3. Proteases and Lipases are used to tan(soften)
leather and and remove hair and fat.
4. Cellulase is used to make ethanol for
cars/trucks from corn and other grains.
5. Maltase and Oxidase are used to create
sugar from grain, replacing the need for sugar
cane growth.
Enzymes Rock!!
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