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Contrastive Analysis of English

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Title: Contrastive Analysis of English


1
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese
2
Teaching Plan
  • Teaching Contents
  • 1. An introduction to Chinese language from the
    views of language family, Language types, Writing
    system, Phonetics, Vocabulary, Word order,
    Function words, Sentence structure, Style, etc.
  • 2. An introduction to English language from the
    views of language family, Language types, Writing
    system, Phonetics, Vocabulary, Word order,
    Function words, Sentence structure, Style, etc.
  • 3. Comparison and Contrast of C-E languages

3
Teaching Plan
  • Teaching Aims
  • To make students get the general idea about
    Chinese and English languages and their
    similarities and differences
  • Teaching Focus
  • The similarities of C-E languages
  • The differences between C-E languages
  • Teaching Methods
  • teacher-oriented lecturing
  • Discussion (group work, then class work)
  • Teaching Approaches
  • Multi-media aided.
  • Teaching Procedures

4
1 Introduction of language families
  • English ---- the Germanic branch of the
    Indo-European(???? ) language family
  • Chinese ---- the Sino-Tibetan(????) language
    family

5
1.2 Language types
  • Synthetic language vs. Analytic language
  • A synthetic language is characterized by frequent
    and systematic use of inflected forms to express
    grammatical relationships. e.g. German, Old
    English.
  • An analytic language is characterized by a
    relatively frequent use of function words,
    auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to
    express syntactic relations, rather than of
    inflected forms. e.g. Chinese.

6
1.3 Writing system
  • Chinese
  • ????
  • (ideographic)
  • ?????
  • (ideo-phonographic)
  • 1)??????
  • ??(pictograph)
  • ??(indicative character)
  • ??(associative character)
  • 2)????? ???
  • ???,?????????????90?

7
1.3 Writing system
  • English
  • ????(alphabetic)
  • ?26????????
  • ????

8
1.4 Phonetics
  • Chinese is tone language. (????)
  • English is intonation language. (????)

9
1.5 Vocabulary
  • I. Sematic contrast
  • ?. ??????
  • 1. ?? ????
  • ?? ????
  • 2. ?????????
  • ????????
  • ????????
  • 3. ??????????
  • ?? (????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????)
  • ????????????

10
1.5 Vocabulary
  • II. Grammatical contrast of vocabulary
  • Similarities
  • 1.????????,???????
  • 2.???????????????????????????
  • ????(?????????????????????)
  • ??(???????????)
  • ????(Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral,
    Pronoun)
  • ??(Preposition, Conjunction, Article,
    Interjection)

11
1.5 Vocabulary
  • II. Grammatical contrast of vocabulary
  • Differences
  • 1. ???????
  • ??????, ??????
  • 2. ??????
  • ?? ????, ???
  • ????, ???
  • ?? ????, 30???
  • ????, ????
  • (????????????
  • ????)
  • ?? ?????

12
????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????
  • ??????????????

13
1.6 Word order
  • English ---- SV structure
  • Chinese ---- inner logic and semantic relations
  • Sentence Examples
  • 1) These are the best dictionaries about English
    idioms which we have in the library.
  • 2) This morning I came back by train from Beijing
    where I had visited some of my former classmates
    after I had finished my task there.
  • 3) We had been dismayed at home while reading of
    the natural calamities that followed one another
    for three years after we left China in 1959.
  • 4) Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact
    that had already been suspected there is a "high
    temperature belt" in the atmosphere, with its
    center roughly thirty miles above the ground.

14
  • 5)????????????????????????????,????????????
  • 6) ?????????????
  • 7) ????,??????????
  • 8) ??????????????????
  • 9) ????????????,?????

15
1.7 Function words
  • Function words are articles, prepositions,
    auxiliaries, coordinators, subordinators and so
    on.
  • 1) a fish / a hill / a well / a book / a marriage
    / a limited view / a good intention
  • 2) He has an eye for beauty / an ear for music.
  • 3) Johnson is the man for the job. / This is the
    drink for hot weather.
  • 4) To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilization,
    but the civilization. (??????????????????,????????
    )
  • 5) This was the period when Einstein began the
    research which resulted in the creation of his
    famous Theory of Relativity.
  • 6) ?????????????
  • 7) ?????????
  • 8) ??????,???????
  • 9) ?????,????????
  • 10) ???????????,???????,????????

16
1.7 Function words
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????, ????????????????
  • ??????????, ?????????

17
??????????? ????????
  • 1.?????????
  • ?????????????,??????????????????
  • ????????????,???????????????,???????
  • ?? ????????, ????
  • ????? ????
  • ?? ???

18
  • 2. ????????(??)
  • ???????????????, ?????????????????????,
    ???????????????????????
  • ???????????, ??????????????, ??????????,????.
  • ?????????, ???????????????????.

19
???????, ???? ????????
  • You can happy your friends, malice or foot your
    enemy, or fall an axe on his neck.
  • --- Shakespeare

20
  • Who chaired the meeting?
  • It can seat 1000 people.
  • We should shoulder these responsibilities.
  • I hope we can room together.
  • They breakfasted at the guesthouse.

21
??? ??????
  • ????????
  • (covertness)
  • ????????
  • (overtness)

22
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese (II)
  • I. Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
  • Hypotactic the dependent or subordinate
    construction or relationship of clauses with
    connectives
  • Paratactic the arranging of clauses one after
    the other without connectives showing the
    relation between them
  • English ---- a grape-cluster structure (All
    clauses grow from the main stem ----the SV
    structure) architecture style overt cohesion
  • Chinese ---- a bamboo-shaped structure (The
    Chinese sentence can develop in depth along with
    the flow of thought or the necessity of narration
    without worrying about the bounding of subject)
    chronicle style (streamline the thoughts) /
    linear expansion covert coherence

23
Examples
  • 1) Fred takes it home with him and returned it a
    few days later beautifully bound.
  • 2) He was puzzled that I did not want what was
    obviously a step toward what
  • all Americans are taught to want when they grow
    up money and power.
  • 3) The isolation of the rural world because of
    distance and the lack of transport
  • facilities is compounded by the paucity of the
    information media.
  • 4) Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on
    the icy, springy brush they
  • made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed
    five, and started back pleased
  • to have found a covey close to the house and
    happy there were so many left to
  • find on another day.
  • 5) With the third party acting as an
    intermediary, to take the interest of the whole
  • into account we strongly demanded with frankness
    and sincerity many times at
  • the end of the autumn of the same year that you
    should compensate all of our
  • losses.
  • 6) Before my graduation from Columbia, the family
    met with severe financial
  • reverses and I felt it my duty to leave college
    and take a job. Thus was I
  • launched upon a business career ---- which I
    always think of as the wasted
  • years.

24
Examples
  • 7) ???????,????????????
  • 8) ?????,??????
  • 9) ?????,????,????,???????
  • 10) ????????????????????????

25
  • 11) ???,?????????????,????????????????????
  • ? In recent years the national economies of
    China and Thailand have quickly developed,
    providing a good foundation for economic and
    trade cooperation between the two countries.
  • ? Recent years have witnessed the rapid
    development of the national economies in China
    and Thailand, which has prepared for good
    economic and trade cooperation between the two
    countries.
  • ? China and Thailand, with the rapid development
    of their national economies in recent years, have
    laid a good foundation for their economic and
    trade cooperation.
  • ? The rapid development of the national economies
    of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a
    sound foundation for economic and trade
    cooperation between the two countries.)

26
  • 12) ?????????????????????????,??????????????,?????
    ??????,??????,??????,???????
  • The Chinese government will unswervingly pursue
    its independent foreign policy of peace by
    establishing and developing friendly relations
    with other countries and opposing hegemonism and
    power policies so as to safeguard world peace and
    promote social development and the progress of
    mankind.

27
II. Compactness vs. Diffusiveness
  • English ---- SV structure SV-concord
    (Subject-Predicate)grammatical concord notional
    concord principle of proximity formal cohesion
  • Chinese ---- TC structure (Topic-Comment)
    semantic coherence. e.g.
  • ?????????????????????????????????????
  • 1) The strong walls of the castle served as a
    good defense against the attackers.
  • 2) That dirty old house is an offence to everyone
    who lives in the street.
  • 3) My shock and embarrassment at finding mother
    in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how
    little I understood the pressures on her.
  • 4) Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many
    times the size of the computer of which it forms
    a part, thus creating a new generation of
    portable minicomputer.
  • 5) In the midst of the party comes unexpectedly
    over the radio the announcement of the President
    of the United States declaring a state of
    emergency for suspected enemy missiles
    approaching.

28
II. Compactness vs. Diffusiveness
  • 6) ????????/ ??????????
  • 7) ???????????/ ?????????
  • 8) ????????,?????????
  • 9) ?????,?????,???????,?????????
  • 10) ???????????,????????,?????????

29
Suggested Reading
  • 1. ??? ???????? p.67-80
  • 2. ??? ???????? p.33-53

30
Exercise
  • ???,?????????????,???,???????,???????,???????????
    ?,????,??????,????
  • ??,????,?????????????,??????????

31
  • ???? (parataxis) ???????
  • ????,????????????????????
  • ???? (hypotaxis) ???????
  • ????(????????,??????)???????(????)?
    ? (??????)???????
  • ---????????

32
  • ????,?????????,??????,??????,?????,??????????
  • Only my aunt, because the maids taken on
    afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or
    both, none of them satisfied her, still spoke of
    Xianglins Wife.
  • My aunt was the only one who still spoke of
    Xianglins Wife. This was because most of the
    maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy
    or greedy, or both, none of them giving
    satisfaction. (????????)

33
  • ???????????,?????,?????,???????????,????????????,?
    ???????????????
  • (????????)

34
  • ?I have come across a great many young friends,
    ?bright and diligent, ?do exceedingly well in
    studies, ?but they are rather weak in Chinese,
    ?even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. ?When
    asked why, theyll say they are not interested in
    Chinese.

35
  • I have come across a great many bright and
    diligent young friends who have done exceedingly
    well in their studies, but are rather weak in
    Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in
    correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said
    they were not interested in the Chinese language.

36
  • The isolation of the rural world, because of
    distance and the lack of transport facilities, is
    compounded by the paucity of the information
    media.
  • ?????,???????,??????????,?????,????????????
    ?????
  • Because there is a great distance and there
    are not enough transport facilities, the rural
    world is isolated. This isolation has become more
    serious because there are not enough information
    media.

37
  • It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no
    satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for
    country life and love of natural scenery are
    strongest and most widely diffused precisely in
    those European countries which have the worst
    climate and where the search for the picturesque
    involves the greatest discomfort.
  • AIdous Huxley The Country

38
  • Basic sentence structure of modern English
  • 1) SV(?-?)
  • 2) SVO(?-?-?)
  • 3) SVC(?-?-??)
  • 4) SVA(?-?-?)
  • 5 SVOD(?-?-??-??)
  • 6) SVOC (?-?-?-??)
  • 7) SVOA(?-?-?-?)

39
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????
    ?

40
4. ????????
  • ??
  • ??????? (topic-prominent language),
    ????-??(topic-comment)???
  • ?? ---????
  • ??????????? (thought-pivot)?

41
??
  • ??????? (subject-prominent language),
    ???????-??(subject-predicate) ???
  • ?? --- ????
  • ?????????(???)??(form-pivot)?

42
???????
  • ???????????
  • ??1
  • This you dont need to worry.
  • ??2
  • You dont need to worry about this.

43
  • 3. This is not something you need to worry about.
  • 4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this.
  • 5. There is no need to worry about this.

44
???????
  • My head aches badly.
  • My head is killing me.
  • I have a terrible headache.
  • I have a splitting headache.
  • I have a migraine.

45
???????????????????????
  • Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot
    compare with that of many other countries in the
    world.
  • In its amount of agricultural land per capita,
    China compares unfavorably with many other
    countries.
  • China compares unfavorably with many other
    countries in terms of per capita agricultural
    land.

46
????????
  • A lazy person will never succeed.
  • Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.
  • Laziness makes success impossible.

47
??????????????????
  • The mother is very proud to have an intelligent
    and pretty daughter.
  • The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes
    her mother very proud.

48
5. ????????
  • ??
  • ??? ? ???
  • ???????????,????,??????????
  • ??? ??
  • (left-branching)
  • ????????????
  • ???(????)

49
??
  • ????? ?????
  • ?????????, ????, ???, ?????, ????????.
  • ??? ??
  • (right-branching )
  • ????????????,??????????
  • ???????

50
??????
  • ???????
  • ???? (open-beginning)
  • ????(close-ending)
  • ???????
  • ???? (close-beginning)
  • ???? (open-ending)

51
  • ?????(???)

  • ??


  • ???

  • ????

  • ???????
  • ????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ???????????????????

52
  • ?????(???)
  • He is reading.
  • He is reading a book.
  • He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.
  • He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
  • the reading-room.
  • He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
  • the reading-room on the second floor of our
  • library.
  • He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
  • the reading-room on the second floor of our
  • library which has just opened.

53
???????
  • ?????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????

54
1)?????
  • We work ourselves into ecstasy over the two
    superpowers treaty limiting the number of
    anti-ballistic missile systems that they may
    retain and their agreement on limitations on
    strategic offensive weapons.
  • ???????????????????????????????????????
    ??????,??,?????????

55
  • ???????,???????????
  • Tragedies can be written in literature
    since there is tragedy in life.
  • ??????,???????,???????????
  • Desertions and defections are rife among
    the puppet troops as a result of low morale, and
    the puppet regime is torn by internal strife.

56
2)?????
  • The solution to the problem of Southern Africa
    cannot remain forever hostage to the political
    maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa nor
    to its transparent proposals aimed at
    procrastination and the postponement of the
    solution.
  • ?????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
    ???????????

57
  • ???????,??????????,???????????,???,???????????????
    ???
  • A tremendous achievement of the May 4th
    Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness
    of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call
    to the people to rise against them.

58
3)?????
  • ??????????,??????,?????????,?????????????
  • The people of a small country can
    certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if
    only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take
    up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny
    of their own country.

59
  • ????????
  • ???? (He was repeatedly defeated though he
    fought over and over again.)
  • ????( He fought over and over again though
    he was repeatedly defeated.)

60
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese (III)
61
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style
  • Formal written language often goes with an
    impersonal style i.e. one in which the speaker
    does not refer directly to himself or his
    readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some
    of the common features of impersonal language are
    passive, sentences beginning with introductory
    it, and abstract nouns.
  • 1. Inanimate Subject Animate Verb
  • 1) From the moment we stepped into the Peoples
    Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded
    us on every side.
  • 2) Excitement deprived me of all power of
    utterance.
  • 3) The thick carpet killed the sound of my
    footsteps.
  • 4) Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
  • 5) Friday started with a morning visit to the
    modern campus of the 22,000-student University of
    Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese
    table tennis team joined students in the
    cafeteria line for lunch and later played an
    exhibition match.

62
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style
  • 6) ???????,???????????
  • 7) ???????????
  • 8) ????????,?????
  • 9) ???????????????
  • 10) ???????????????

63
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style
  • 2. Impersonal Passive
  • 1) Not only politeness but an attitude of
    reverence is demanded in church.
  • 2) My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble
    about the surrounding country.
  • 3) It has been noted with concern that the stock
    of books in the library has been declining
    alarmingly. Students are asked to remind
    themselves of the rules for the borrowing and
    return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of
    other students. Penalties for overdue books will
    in the future be strictly enforced.
  • 4) A current search of the files indicates that
    the letter is no longer in this Bureaus
    possession. It is noted that the letter was
    received two months ago, and after study,
    returned to your office. In view of the
    foregoing, it is regretted that your office has
    no record of its receipt. If the letter is found,
    it would be appreciated if this Bureau was
    notified at once.

64
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style
  • 3. Subject-omitted Sentences / Passives with No
    Grammatical Marks
  • 1) ?????,??????
  • 2) ?????,??????
  • 3) ?????????,???????
  • 4) ???????????,????????????????
  • 5) ????????,????????????????????????????

65
II. Abstraction vs. Concretization
  • English ---- the tendency of nominalization (the
    excessive use of abstract nouns)
  • Chinese ---- high concretization in its notions
    and imagery
  • 1) The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.
  • 2) I marveled at the relentless determination of
    the rain.
  • 3) He had surfaced with less visibility in the
    policy decisions.
  • 4) The growing awareness by millions of people of
    their intolerable conditions of
  • life had prompted them to revote.
  • 5) The lack of figures may prove to be an
    obstacle to the efficiency of the whole
  • of the proposed statistical content of the
    exercise.
  • 6) No year passes now without evidence of the
    truth of the statement that the
  • work of government is becoming increasingly
    difficult.

66
II. Abstraction vs. Concretization
  • 7) ????????,??????,?????
  • 8) ??????????????,???????
  • 9) ???????????????????
  • 10) ?????,??????????
  • 11) ???????????????,????,????????
  • 12) ????????,??????????????,????????????

67
Suggested Reading
  • 1. ??? ???????? p.67-80
  • 2. ??? ???????? p.33-53

68
  • ??? ????????

69
1. ???????
  • 1) ?????????
  • ?????(native words)
  • ???(loan words)
  • ?????(synonymous idioms)



70
  • ?????????
  • ???????????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????
  • ???????????

71
?????
  • ????
  • ????
  • ????(???????)
  • ????(???)
  • ?????
  • ????

72
  • Brave (Italian) ????
  • Bold (old English)??,????
  • ??
  • Courageous (French)???????
  • Valiant (Latin)(?literary) ???
  • (very brave, especially in a
  • difficult situation)
  • Valorous (Latin) (?literary)?????????(full
    of valor---
  • great courage, especially in
  • war)

73
  • postpone --- put off
  • tolerate --- put up with
  • extinguish --- put out
  • raise --- put up

74
  • Words are seldom exactly synonymous.
  • ---Samuel
    Johnson
  • English is among the easiest languages to speak
    badly, but the most difficult to use well.
  • ---C.L.
    Wren
  • British
    Linguist

75
2)???????????
  • No context, no text.
  • ????????????
  • e.g.
  • There are students and students.

76
2. ???????
  • ????
  • ????????
  • ?? ???????????????
  • ?? ?????
  • ?? ???????????????
  • ???????????????
  • ??????????

77
????
  • ??????(simple sentence)
  • ??? (compound sentence)
  • ??? (complex sentence)
  • ????????
  • ??? ??? (loose sentence)
  • ??? (balanced sentence)
  • ??? (periodic sentence)
  • ???
  • ??? (fragment sentence)
  • ????????????

78
?????????
  • 1.???????????????,???????????
  • 2.?????????????????,??????????????????
  • 3. ????????????????????,????????????????

79
3. ??????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????
  • ????????????????
  • ???????????
  • ????????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????

80
  • ?????????????????
  • ??????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ????
  • ?????????????????
  • ???????
  • ???????????(????
  • ?? ??????)

81
  • ?????? ??????,????,????
  • ?????? ????,????????, ????,???????
  • ?????? ????????????,????,????
  • ?????? ????,????,????
  • ?????? ????, ????, ????

82
???
  • ????????
  • ??????

83
1. ????
  • ??????????????????

84
2. ????
  • ?????????????????, ?????? ?????????,
    ?????????.
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