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Chapter 1 Section 3

• Foundations of Civilization

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The Main Idea From farming villages arose
cities, and with them, the first civilizations,
marking the beginnings of recorded history.

• Objectives
• Why did some villages develop into cities?
• What characterized the worlds first
  
• civilizations, and where did they develop?
• What factors cause civilizations to change
  
• over time?

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I. From Villages to Cities
Villages grew and the first cities appeared
City of Uruk, c. 3000 BC
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I. From Villages to Cities

• Improved agriculture and irrigation resulted in
• a food surplus

Shadouf Irrigation
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I. From Villages to Cities

• Fewer people needed to farm others worked
• in different tasks division of labor

Egyptians artisans smelted copper and gold for
artistic, architectural, and military purposes.
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I. From Villages to Cities

• Cities larger/more densely populated
• First known city - Uruk

Uruk, 3000 BC Population 40,000 to
50,000 Size 1000 acres
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I. From Villages to Cities

• City populations more diverse
• Village - families/clans traditional economy
• City - unrelated people complex economy

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I. From Villages to Cities

• Formal organization in cities, were centers of
• trade

Ancient Babylon, c. 600 BC
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II. The First Civilizations
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II. The First Civilizations

• Civilizations - complex organized cultures
• with common characteristics

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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Developed Cities political, economic, and
  cultural centers
• Organized Government laws/systems of justice,
  food production, taxation

Harappa, Indus River Valley
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Formalized religion priests, ceremonies,
  rituals
• Government and religion closely connected

Egyptians saw their pharaoh as a god, more
specifically as the god Horus Egyptian Gods
Horus and Osiris and Pharaoh Seti I
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Specialization of labor farmers, soldiers,
  artisans, merchants, etc.

The earliest specializations were baking,
brewing, weaving, dyeing, carpentry,
pottery-making, stone and metal-working
merchants, soldiers and artists priests and
healers temple managers, bureaucrats,
calendar-keepers, and scribes
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Social classes - People became ranked according
  to job, wealth, or influence

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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Abstract writing for record keeping
• Calendars to keep track of events

Cuneiform tablet
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations

• Arts and architecture reflected beliefs, values,
  strength, and culture

Mesopotamian Ziggurat
Temple of Hephaistos
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III. Changes in Civilizations

• Civilizations changed - some failed, others
  succeeded and grew

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III. Changes in Civilizations

• Forces of nature
• Need for resources
• Expanded trade for scarce resources

Salt mine in the Sahara Desert
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III. Changes in Civilizations

• Cultural Diffusion - spread of ideas, customs,
• culture, and technology by migration, trade,
• and warfare

Traders approaching Timbuktu in Mali
Diffusion of language
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III. Changes in Civilizations

• Warfare brought change victors forced way
• of life upon defeated