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The Empires of the Axial Age

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Title: The Empires of the Axial Age


1
The Empires of the Axial Age
2
Invaders, Traders and Empire Builders
  • Warm Up Define the following
  • empire
  • monotheistic
  • civil law
  • rule of law

3
Definitions
  • Empire Group of states or territories
    controlled by one ruler.
  • Monotheism Belief in one god.
  • Civil law Body of law dealing with the private
    lives of individuals.
  • Rule of law - Government by law. The rule of law
    implies that government authority may only be
    exercised in accordance with written laws, which
    were adopted through an established procedure.

4
The First Empire Builder
  • Invasion and conquest were prominent features
    of the ancient Middle East. About 2300 BC,
    Sargon, the ruler of neighboring Akkad, invaded
    and conquered the city-states of Sumer. He built
    the first empire known to history.

Akkad (in green)
5
Sumerians
6
Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic
Enki
Innana
Anthropomorphic Gods
7
Mesopotamian Trade
The Cuneiform World
8
Cuneiform Wedge-Shaped Writing
9
Cuneiform Writing
10
Sumerian Scribes
Tablet House
11
Ziggurat at Ur
  • Temple
  • Mountain of the Gods

12
Sargon of AkkadThe Worlds First Empire
Akkadians
13
Successive Mesopotamian Empires
  • Babylonian Empire ca. 1790 BC Hammurabis Code
  • Hittite Empire ca. 1400 BC
    Ironworking Technology
  • Assyrian Empire ca. 1000 BC Most
    extensive, except for the Persian Empire
  • Babylon Revisited ca. 612 BC
    King Nebuchadnezzar builds
    the Hanging Gardens.

Click here and on the picture for links to
Hanging Gardens and Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World.
14
The Babylonian Empires
15
Hammurabis r. 1792-1750 B. C. E. Code
16
Hammurabi, the Judge
17
Assyrian Empire ca. 1100 BC
18
Contributions of the Assyrians
  • Improved iron weaponry.
  • Warfare was central to the culture.
  • Encouraged a well-ordered society.
  • First rulers to develop extensive laws regulating
    life within the royal household.
  • At Nineveh, King Assurbanipal founded one of the
    first libraries, collecting cuneiform tablets
    from all over the empire.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Greek Civilization1750 BC 133 BC
  • Early Minoan civilization the forerunner for
    Greece - began on the island of Crete, around
    1700 BC. Evidence shows extensive trade and a
    very advanced culture, which was exported to
    mainland Greece at Mycenaea.

Mycenaea
How did the geography of Greece present obstacles
to a unified Greek country?
Click here for online information about Mycenaean
culture.
21
Minoan Civilization
  • Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest
    examples of what has come to be called Greek
    civilization.
  • Minoans were trading at the same time as the
    Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians.

Very unequal social structure with a malnourished
lower class. This led to constant revolts and an
overthrow of the nobility.
22
Mycenaeans1600 BC 1200 BC
  • Sea traders beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy,
    Egypt and Mesopotamia.
  • Warriors, living in several city states.
  • The Mycenaean city state became the mainland
    Greek civilization.
  • Best known for Trojan War.
  • 1200 BC Mycenaean Civilization collapsed because
    of sea invaders. Trade and culture are at a
    standstill for about 100 years.

The Trojan War was fought in Troy, a trading city
in Anatolia.
23
Phoenicians ca. 1200 BC
  • While powerful rulers subdued large empires,
    the Phoenicians gained fame as sailors, traders
    and colonizers. They occupied a string of cities
    along the coastal Mediterranean and traded as far
    away as Africa and India.

Phoenician ships exhibited the highest
technology of the time.
24
Contributions of the Phoenicians
  • Traded extensively in the Mediterranean. Trade
    goods included royal purple dye, glass, rare
    cedar wood, linen fabric, metal ware and papyrus
  • Introduced the Phoenician alphabet, which we use
    today.

25
Athens and Sparta(Click above for a web chart
comparison of Athens and Sparta.)1200 0 BC
  • Greece itself was made up of separate
  • city-states, which were constantly at war.
  • Define city-state
  • City-state definition Political unit made up of
    a city and the surrounding lands.
  • Two major city-states Athens and Sparta.
  • Create a chart on your own paper like the one
    which follows.

26
  • Athens
  • Government
  • Limited democracy (only male citizens could
    participate), Council of 500 which made the laws,
    voting Assembly.
  • Soldiers
  • Citizen soldiers only during wartime
  • Slaves
  • No political rights or freedoms. Owned by
    individuals
  • Women
  • Cared for the home, limited political rights.
  • Education
  • Upper class boys only. Military training and
    preparation for government involvement.
    Knowledge was important for a democratic
    government.
  • Sparta
  • Government
  • Two kings (military generals) and a council of
    elders. Citizens were male, native born, over
    30.
  • Soldiers
  • Military society, all males prepared to be
    soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 30.
  • Slaves
  • Owned by the State
  • Women
  • Prepared physically for fighting, right to
    inherit property, must obey men.
  • Education
  • Boys only. Military based training from age 7.
    Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade,
    travel and mixing with other city-states.

27
Persian Empire ca. 500 BC
28
Contributions of the Persians
  1. Pursued a policy of tolerance in dealing with the
    extensive territories and cultures they
    conquered.
  2. Introduced the idea of coinage/ money economy or
    metal disks representing money.
  3. Created the first extensive, well built road to
    unite the empire. Known as the Royal Road.

29
Cyrus Darius the Great
580 529 B. C. E. A tolerant ruler ? he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. The Greeks called him a Law-Giver. The Jews called him the anointed of the Lord. (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine). 526 485 B. C. E. Established a tax-collecting system. Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES. Built the great Royal Road system and also created a standard monetary system adopted by the Lydians. Established a complex postal system. Created a network of spies called the Kings eyes and ears.
30
Cyrus the Great
  • A tolerant ruler ? he allowed different
    cultures within his empire to keep their own
    institutions.
  • The Greeks called him a Law-Giver.
  • The Jews called him the anointed of the
    Lord. (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to
    return to Palestine).

580 529 B. C. E.
31
Darius the Great (526 485 B. C. E.)
  • Built Persepolis.
  • He extended the Persian Empire to the
    Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q.
    mi.)
  • Built a canal in Egypt.

32
Darius the Great (526 485 B. C. E.)
  • Established a tax-collecting system.
  • Divided the empire into districts called
    SATRAPIES.
  • Built the great Royal Road system.
  • Established a complex postal system.
  • Created a network of spies called the Kings
    eyes and ears.

33
Ancient Persepolis
34
Persepolis
35
The People of Persepolis
36
Persian Archers Soldiers
37
Royal Road
38
Silk Road Traders
  • Ancient trade was not limited to the
    Mediterranean region. The Chinese Emperor Wudi
    opened up a trade route, later called the Silk
    Road that linked China and the west for centuries.

Silk Road trade goods included silk, whose
production secrets were carefully guarded by the
Chinese, jade, and porcelain in return for
glassware, linen, fabric and cedar wood .
Click here for British Museum Silk Road
exhibition website.
39
The Hebrews Empire Builders of Another Kind -
Religion
  • These words, the first of the Ten Commandments
    set the Hebrews apart from all other people of
    the Fertile Crescent. Instead of worshipping many
    gods (polytheism) they prayed to one God
    (monotheism). The basis for their Code of Laws is
    known as the Ten Commandments. This is the root
    of Judaism.
  • I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of
    the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
    You shall have no other gods before Me.

40
Contributions of the Hebrews Ethical Monotheism
  • Monotheism belief in one God
  • Covenant belief that they had made a binding
    agreement with God
  • Ethical Law Code A law code sent by God himself
    based on personal morality the Ten Commandments

Click here and on the picture for links to a
history of the Hebrews.
41
Zarathustra Zoroaster, 6c BCEGood Thoughts,
Good Deed, Good Words
Tree of Life
42
Extent of Zoroastrianism
43
Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil
Ahura MazdaHoly Spirit
AhrimanDestructive Spirit
44
Zend-Avesta(The Book of Law)
The Sacred Fire ? the force to fight evil.
45
Empires of the Ancient World
Define the following 1. civilization 2.
democracy 3. republic 4. rule of law
46
Warm Up Definitions
  • Civilization complex, highly organized
    social order.
  • Democracy government in which the people hold
    ruling power.
  • Republic system of government in which
    representatives are chosen by the people. It is a
    form of democracy
  • Rule of law - government by law. The rule of law
    implies that government authority may only be
    exercised in accordance with written laws, which
    were adopted through an established procedure.

47
Persian Wars490 479 BC
  • The Greek city-states did not unite until faced
    with a common enemy

Persia
48
Delian League
  • By 479 BC, the Greeks had defeated the Persians
    on land in Asia Minor and stopped their advance.
  • Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful
    city-state in Greece.
  • To continue the struggle against Persia, it
    organized the Delian League, an alliance with the
    other Greek city states.
  • Athens dominated the Delian League and used its
    wealth to create an Athenian empire.

49
Athens The City Pericles Built
  • Direct Democracy Citizen assembly voted
    directly on laws
  • Huge construction projects Acropolis and
    Parthenon rebuilt
  • Emphasis on arts, architecture, philosophy and
    medicine

50
Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)
  • Socrates
  • Socrates was born in the mid 400's B.C He taught
    philosophy and taught Plato.
  • Before 400 B.C., he began questioning Athenian
    values, laws, customs, and religion.
  • In 399, he was brought to trial and found guilty
    of treason to the gods. He was sentenced to
    death. His teachings were written down by his
    student, Plato.
  • He was the first to make a clear distinction
    between the body and soul, placing a higher value
    on the soul. He had a noble life, and his calm
    acceptance of death made him a model for other
    philosophers to follow.

51
Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)
  • Plato
  • Plato, one of the most famous Greek philosophers,
    was born in Athens.
  • In 403 B.C., democracy was restored to Athens.
    Plato then tried to get involved in politics, but
    was repelled again when his friend and teacher
    Socrates was sentenced to death in 399 B.C. Plato
    left Athens after Socrates was killed. He
    returned in 387 B.C., and founded a school of
    philosophy called the Academy. 
  • The Academy was considered the first university
    by many people.
  • He wrote the republic in which he described a
    perfectly governed society divided into three
    groups Farmers and Artisans Warriors and the
    Ruling Class. In his book the person with
    Greatest Insight and the best Philosopher was the
    King.

52
Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)
  • Aristotle
  •    Aristotle was born in Stagira. His father was
    Nichomachus, who was the personal physician to
    Amyntas II, king of Macedonia. King Amyntas was
    the grandfather of Alexander the Great.
    Aristotle's parents died when he was young, so a
    man named Proxemus raised him as his own.
  • When he was 18, he attended the Academy, where he
    was a student for 20 years. He was known as "the
    intelligence of  the school" and "reader".
  • In 347 B.C., when Plato died, Aristotle joined a
    group of Plato's disciples that lived with
    Hermias, a former Academy student. In 343 or 342
    B.C., Philip II of Macedonia asked Aristotle to
    supervise the education of his son, Alexander,
    who later conquered Greece.
  • Aristotle returned to Athens in 334 B.C. and
    founded the Lyceum, a school of philosophy.
  • After Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C.,
    Aristotle was charged with impiety, which was a
    lack of reverence for the gods, by the Athenian
    people. The Athenians resented his friendship
    with Alexander, who conquered them. Aristotle
    went to Chalcis, remembering similar charges
    against Socrates in 349 B.C. He died one year
    later in Chalcis.

53
Athens Conquered by Sparta
  • In 404 BC, Sparta attacked and conquered the
    fading Athenian empire in what came to be know as
    the Peloponnesian War. For the next century,
    fighting continued to dominate the Greek
    city-states. By 359 BC, the Macedonians from the
    north, under the leadership of Philip II invaded
    and conquered all of Greece.

54
The World of Alexander the Great 359 BC 323 BC

55
  • Philip conquered Greece in 359 BC
  • His next conquest was to be the
    Persian empire.
  • The Macedonian army was the most superbly
    trained in the world. It made use of the phalanx
    configuration.
  • Philip was assassinated before he could attack
    and conquer Persia.
  • His son, Alexander (20) took the throne.

Philip of Macedonia
56
  • Over the course of the next eleven years,
    Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Persian
    empire. When Darius III died, Alexander took
    over all of his realm and his possessions.

Alexander
57
The Legacy of Alexander
Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC,
his empire began to divide and dissolve.
However, Alexander left behind a legacy of Greek
thought, language and custom that survives in
part today.
  • Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and
    language. They became Hellenic or Greek like
    The Hellenistic Age is the age of world wide
    Greek culture after Alexander.
  • Left behind the idea that all people are morally
    equal. Aided in the spread of Christianity.
  • Encouraged the work of scholars. Built libraries
    all over the empire especially at Alexandria,
    Egypt. Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science
    and philosophy.

58
Review of Government Systems
Monarchy State ruled by King Rule is Hereditary Some rulers claim divine right Practiced by Mycenae (1450 BCE) Aristocracy State ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary Based on land ownership Social Status Wealth support rulers authority Practiced by Athens (594 BCE) Oligarchy State ruled by small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth Ruling group controls military Practiced by Sparta (800-622 BCE) Direct Democracy State ruled by its citizens Rule is based on Citizenship Majority rule decides vote Practiced in Athens (461 BCE)
59
The Roman World
The earliest of the Roman civilizations were the
Etruscans. With the fall of Hellenic influence,
the Etruscans conquered all of the Italian
peninsula. Their competition for control of the
Mediterranean Sea were the Carthaginians in
Africa.
After three wars with the Carthaginians called
the Punic wars the Romans emerged as the
supreme rulers of the Mediterranean area.
60
The REAL Hannibal
  • In 218 BC the Carthaginian general Hannibal
    led his army, including dozens of war elephants,
    from Spain across the Pyrenees, through Gaul to
    Rome. Hannibal surprised the Romans and began 15
    years of fighting. In the end, the Romans
    attacked Carthage and ended Hannibals attacks
    against Rome. Rome now ruled the Mediterranean.

61
The REAL Hannibal
  • The Carthaginians fought for their own
    preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The
    Romans for supremacy and world domination. ( a
    Greek witness to the destruction of Carthage.)
  • The Romans were committed to a policy of
    imperialism.
  • Define imperialism
  • Domination by one country of the political,
    economic or cultural life of another country or
    region.

62
The Republic of Rome
  • Define Republic
  • Republic System of government in which officials
    are elected by the people.
  • Senate Most powerful governing body. 300
    members all patricians. Made the laws.
  • First laws codified into the
  • Twelve Tables
  • Two Consuls elected by Senate. Ran the
    government and the army.
  • Tribunes elected by the people (plebeians)
  • Judges Oversaw courts cases
  • Wide spread use of slave labor from conquered
    territories
  • Slave labor forced small farmers out of business.
    Led to mass unemployment and poverty.
  • Mob riots and corruption in the government.
  • Attempts at reform failed.
  • Civil wars began.
  • Julius Caesar emerged as dictator of Rome

63
Julius Caesar and the Empire of Rome
  • Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today?
  • France
  • First Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Pompey, and
    Crassus
  • Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after
    Crassus dies in battle.
  • Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt where he meets
    Cleopatra and has a child with her.
  • Caesar becomes dictator of Rome
  • Caesar is assassinated by the Senate he tried to
    displace.
  • Rome plunges into Civil War.
  • Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are defeated by Caesar
    Augustus.
  • Caesar Augustus ends all hope for a further Roman
    empire.

64
Rome at its Height60 400 AD
On your own paper, describe the extent of the
Roman Empire at its height. Be sure to name
oceans, rivers and seas in your description.
65
Pax Romana
  • Pax Romana, Latin for "the Roman peace", is the
    long period of peace experienced by states within
    the Roman Empire. The term stems from the fact
    that Roman rule and its legal system pacified
    regions which had suffered from the quarrels
    between rival leaders, sometimes forcefully.
    During this time Rome still fought a number of
    wars against neighboring states and tribes, most
    notably the Germanic tribes and Parthia. It was
    an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome
    endured neither major civil wars, such as the
    perpetual bloodshed of the first century BC, nor
    serious invasions. Characterized by rule by
    emperors and a lack of democracy. Strong military
    presence.

66
The Roman Achievement
  • Roman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a
    good road system was recognized as vital for
    military deployment, communication and increasing
    commerce. By having an option to traveling around
    the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy,
    travelers and merchants could avoid some threat
    of storms, pirates and navigational problems.
  • Well trained and extensive military. Because the
    military presence on Roman roads was so
    extensive, travel and trade were safer and much
    faster.
  • Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent
    until proven guilty.

67
The Roman Achievement
68
The Roman Achievement
  • Aqueducts Roman water systems often carried
    water to cities from mountain streams hundreds of
    miles away. Only a highly organized civilization
    with advanced technology could create such a
    system.

69
The Roman Achievement
  • Highly sophisticated public buildings and baths.

70
The Rise of Christianity
  • Despite Roman persecution of the early
    Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Roman
    transportation system allowed Christianity to
    spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge
    slave population made Christianity attractive to
    a wide section of the population. By 312 AD,
    Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the
    official religion of Rome.

Jesus healing the blind man.
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