The Age of Exploration

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The Age of Exploration
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Life Found on Mars!
Unbelievable but true This recent photo from the
unmanned space exploration to Mars shows
conclusive proof that savage, almost humanlike,
alien life-forms exist among the rich mineral
deposits on the surface of Mars.
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Barack Obama Wants You Eager to be the first to
make contact with the newly discovered aliens,
the United States Government has sanctioned the
first privately owned space vehicles to make the
journey to Mars. Volunteers are wanted for the
first manned missions to Mars.
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Would you volunteer for the mission? Yes or No?
___________Why/Why not? _________________________
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___________________________________What sort of
people do you suppose would volunteer for this
kind of mission?__________________________________
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___________________What would they have to gain?
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__________What, if anything could go wrong?
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__________What technological advances would have
to occur before this could actually
happen?__________________________________________
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Exploration and Navigation
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vb3fYF6YvesA
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The biggest reasons for the Age of Exploration
The 3G Theory

1. Desire for spices, and the profit from selling
   and trading them. Expanding economies of Europe
   and increased trade in Asia, led to the need for
   new raw materials. (GOLD)
2. Competition between European powers. The Desire
   to be first to explore and conquer new places for
   their country (GLORY)
3. To diffuse (spread) Christianity Protestantism
   (England Holland) Catholicism (Spain, Portugal
   France). (GOD)

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The search for spices

• During the Middle Ages, the Crusaders who fought
  the Muslims in the Middle East learned of spices,
  and brought them back to Europe.
• The Europeans wanted cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg,
  and most of all pepper to spice and preserve
  meat, make perfume(s).
• The chief source of spices was the Moluccas (in
  modern day Indonesia) which they called the Spice
  Islands.

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The Muslim Situation

• Europeans wanted spices.
• Following the fall of Constantinople (it became
  Istanbul), Europe no longer had their gateway to
  the East.
• Trading over land was expensive and dangerous.
• Muslims and Italian sailors controlled the trade
  by sea.
• Other European sailing powers (England, France,
  Spain and Portugal) wanted in on the riches of
  the spice trade, but had to find a way to get
  there.

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Improved technology leads to better sailing
techniques

• European cartographers (mapmakers) created much
  better maps and charts of the sea and its
  currents.
• Europeans mastered the use of the astrolabe, an
  instrument developed by the Greeks and mastered
  by the Muslims, to determine their latitude at
  sea.
• The caravel, a ship that combined European body
  styles with Muslim triangular sails and Chinese
  rudders, made ships much faster and able to
  travel farther.

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Portugal

• By the 1400s, Portugal was strong enough to
  expand into Muslim controlled North Africa.
• Prince Henry, known as Henry the Navigator,
  hoping to spread Christianity and find Muslim
  gold, began a school for cartographers, sailors
  and captains at Sagres.

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Portugal (continued)

• In 1487, Bartolomeu Diaz, rounded the southern
  tip of Africa. He ended the myth that the sea
  was full of monsters, and it gave hope to those
  who wished to sail to India. He named the tip of
  Africa the Cape of Good Hope.

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Bartolomeu Diaz
Cape of Good Hope
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Portugal (continued)

• In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships around the
  southern tip of Africa, and on his next voyage,
  made it to the port of Calicut, in western India.
• The spices he brought back sold at 3000 of the
  money he put into it.
• His sailors paid a heavy price, they discovered
  scurvy, a disease caused by lack of vitamin C.

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Vasco da Gama
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Spain

• An Italian sailor from Genoa wished to sail for
  Portugal. He had an idea that since the world
  was round, a relatively new concept at the time,
  that if he sailed westward, that he would reach
  India faster. His name was Christopher Columbus.
• Portugal refused to sponsor him, so he got help
  from the Spanish King Ferdinand and his wife
  Isabella, who were famous for expelling the
  Muslim Moors from Spain.

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Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor the voyages of
Columbus.
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Spain (continued)

• Columbus made two huge errors
• Underestimating the size of the world greatly
• Not knowing that two continents lay in his way
• He had three ships the Nina, the Pinta, and the
  Santa Maria. He sailed west and ran into the
  islands of the Caribbean. Since he thought he
  was in the Indies, he called the people he found
  there Indians.

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Naming the New World

• In 1507 a German cartographer read reports of a
  new world written by an Italian sailor named
  Amerigo Vespucci. He labeled the region
  America after Vespucci. The region that
  Columbus had found became known as the West
  Indies.

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The Grande Exchange

• Introduced to the Americas
• 1. DISEASES rapidly devastated human
  populations that had no resistance to Old World
  Diseases, killing 50-90 of native populations
  50 epidemics in Valley of Mexico 1519-1820 often
  carried to villages by other natives, arriving
  before actual contact with Spanish
• smallpox, measles, whooping cough, bubonic
  plague, malaria, yellow fever, diphtheria,
  influenza
• 2. ANIMALS no large mammals in Middle America
  introduced new means of transportation/labor
  horse became indispensable to plains Indians new
  food sources
• horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rats (spread
  disease, decimated native small animals)
• adapted quickly
• competed with Indians for food
• destroyed vegetation

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The Grande Exchange (continued)

• Brought to the Americas
• 3. PLANTS
• sugar cane - harmed both man and environment
  forbearer of plantation system with slave labor
  and the initial assault on tropical rainforests
• from 1650 until beginning of 20th century,
  Caribbean region was the world's center of cane
  sugar worldwide demand
• changed ethnic make up of much of Latin America
• grains - wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, rice
  adapted well to many areas, enhanced native diets
  
• chick peas (garbanzos), soybeans
• fruit - peaches, pears, oranges, melons, limes,
  bananas
• vegetables - onions, radishes, salad greens,
  yams, peas, leeks, parsley
• European clover, grasses, many other plants
  widely used in our modern American landscape
• weeds - Kudzu (legume brought for forage from
  Japan - has taken over in the Gulf and South
  Atlantic US)
• 4 INSECTS
• Asian cockroaches, Japanese beetle, Dutch elm
  disease, Killer bees, Gypsy moth

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The Grande Exchange (continued)

• Brought to the Americas
• 5. TECHNOLOGIES
• Alphabet/ writing
• iron-edge tools -didn't shatter like those made
  of obsidian by Indians
• farming equipment - plow drastically changed
  agricultural practices
• wheel
• gunpowder
• ranching - changed landscape walled ranches with
  tile roofs, adobe brick buildings surrounded by
  corrals and pastureland cowboys, gauchos
• Other new institutions
• towns - relocated Indians from their land into
  villages and towns changed building patterns
  that used wood and charcoals led to more
  deforestation
• government structures/policies encomienda -
  system that gave the right to a conquistador to
  collect tribute from Indians
• religion (Catholic)
• 6. PEOPLE
• Spanish, Portuguese - main colonizers of Middle
  and South America
• Africans - necessary as native population
  decreased worked on plantations eventually
  replaced Indians as the dominant ethnic group in
  the Caribbean infused much of their culture into
  many areas of the Americas
• British, Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Asians,
  Indians (from India)

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The Grande Exchange (continued)

• Brought Back to Europe
• PLANTS
• maize (corn) from Mexico
• introduced in Africa and south of equator as
  early as 1550
• fed Africans that provided the manpower for
  American plantations
• grows where rainfall was sufficient in S. Europe,
  especially important to Greeks and Serbs
• led to population growth necessary to provide
  labor for industrialization
• potato from Peru
• basic food for people all over the world no
  other single crop has played such a decisive role
  
• N. Europe potatoes dominated the diet of the poor
  in the 19th/20th century. This in turn
  contributed to population growth which led to
  industrialization of Germany and Russia Maize
  (corn) and potatoes had a fundamental advantage
  over the different sorts of grain in Europe -
  they produced more calories per acre, feeding up
  to 4 times as many people.
• sweet potatoes
• tomatoes
• adapted well to Mediterranean climate
• vitamin content supplemented diet
• what would Italian food be without tomatoes?
• healing plants
• quinine from Peruvian bark
• Ipecac from Amazon roots
• today some 500 prescription drugs derived from
  American herbs, other plants

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Line of demarcation- The Treaty of Tordesillas

• Portugal and Spain fought over who got what in
  the Americas finally Pope Alexander VI stepped
  in and ordered both Catholic monarchs to settle
  the problem.
• On June 7, 1494, the Spanish and the Portuguese
  signed a treaty to divide the world in two. The
  dividing line ran through the Atlantic with Spain
  gaining lands to the west including all the
  Americas. Brazil was granted to Portugal. The
  eastern half including Africa and India was given
  to Portugal.

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Circumnavigating the Globe

• In 1519, a minor Portuguese noble named Ferdinand
  Magellan set out from Spain with five ships and
  hundreds of men.
• He discovered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed
  into the Pacific he named it because it means
  peaceful- Ocean.
• He faced several mutinies, and was murdered in
  the Philippines.
• In1522, one ship and 18 sailors returned to
  Spain, and were credited with being the first to
  sail all the way around the globe, or
  circumnavigate it

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Voyage of Magellan
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Spain (continued)Cortez the Killer

• In 1520, Hernan Cortez (also spelled Cortes) and
  his conquistadors went to the new world in
  search of gold. They found the Aztec Empire in
  what is today Mexico.
• With the use of guns, and with the help of the
  fact that the Aztecs had no immunity to the
  diseases (smallpox) the Spaniards carried, the
  Aztec Empire was almost completely eliminated.

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Spain (continued)
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Spain (continued)
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Spain (continued)

• Soon after Cortez, Francisco Pizarro followed.
  He went to South America to what is now Peru. He
  destroyed the Inca culture for their gold.
• Spain sent ships back and forth to the new world
  to take the gold home and make themselves the
  richest nation in the world. These ships came to
  be known as the Spanish Armada.

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Pizarro destroys the Inca Empire
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Encomienda
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Encomienda System

• A hierarchical social order emerged with the
  Indians and slaves at the bottom, the mestizos
  and mulattos in the middle and the Europeans and
  their descendants at the top. Royal protection of
  the Indian was generally ineffective. Because
  Spaniards and creoles looked down on manual
  labor, they developed several labor systems to
  force Indians to work for Spanish landowners.

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The English, Dutch, and French in the New World
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The English, Dutch, and French in the New World
(continued)

• French Captain Jaques Cartier explored the
  St. Lawrence River and established
  the area now know as Quebec (Canada).

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Francis Drake

• Eager to get into the race for new land and
  glory, Queen Elizabeth sends out explorer Sir
  Francis Drake, who becomes the first Englishman
  to circumnavigate the globe.

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Sir Francis Drake (continued)
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The English, Dutch, and French in the New World
(continued)

• The Northern European countries spread
  Protestantism to the New World.
• England sent protestants looking for religious
  freedom to what is now the U.S.
• France settled in the areas founded by Cartier,
  most notably, Quebec.
• Cash crops
• Mercantilism

What plant is this?
French seaport at the height of Mercantilism in
the 17th century
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The English, Dutch, and French in the New World
(continued)

• Like the Spanish encomienda system who used the
  slave labor of the Aztec and Mestizo people, the
  Northern Europeans wished to plant cash crops
  which required lots of labor.
• Europeans began plantation systems in the
  Caribbean and the Americas which has destroyed
  the economies of the people who first lived
  there, as well as destroyed the enviornment
• African slaves were imported (slavery was based
  on race).
• Both leave behind a rigid class system that lasts
  for generations.

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Trade in Africa

• Made possible by outposts established along the
  coast.
• Slave ports.
• Trade in slaves, gold, and other products with
  peoples of the interior.

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Triangular Trade

• Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
• Traded in slaves, sugar and rum.
• Europe also mined precious metals (gold and
  silver) from the new world to give it wealth and
  power like the world has never known.

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The Middle Passage
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Trade in Asia

• Colonization was done by small groups of
  merchants who obtained the rights from the
  monarch.
• Dutch East India Company
• British, Portuguese, and Dutch trading companies
  invest heavily in trade in the east.

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The Dutch East India Company
-joint stock company -still exists today