Bio-control agents and Bio pesticides in Tomato IPM

1
Bio-control agents and Bio pesticides in Tomato
IPM

• Biological control may be defined as the use of
  natural enemies to suppress the pest species.
• The term natural enemy refers principally to the
  parasites and predators (mostly other insects)
  but may also include disease organisms.
• Biological control came into prominence in recent
  times owing to reasons that it is comparatively
  non-polluting, environmentally safe and
  economically viable. The high doses of
  insecticides and pesticides used, poses a problem
  of pollution, residual toxicity etc.
• To minimize the losses caused by these pests and
  diseases, and integrated pest management
  programme is adopted and the Biological control
  constitute an important part of it.

2
Predators

• Predators of insects are animals which capture
  and consume them as a source of food.
• Many are other insects, but some other animals
  also feed on insects, either exclusively or a
  component of a more mixed diet.
• The predatory habit is quite widespread among
  different insect groups, and some species exists
  in most orders. Several families of beetles are
  largely predatory in habit.
• Among these the lady birds are important as they
  attack mainly aphids, scale insects, and mealy
  bugs, many of which are serious pests of plants.
• A few orders of insects such as Neuroptera are
  exclusively predatory. Spiders which are close
  relatives to insects are exclusively predatory.
  The predatory habit is also quite common in
  mites.

3
Predatory diversity in Tomato
Adult, Cheilomenes sexmaculata
Adult, Coccinella septumpunctata
Grub, Coccinella septumpunctata
4
Grub, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Adult, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
5
Adult, Chrysoperla carnea
Grub, Chrysoperla carnea
Syrphid Grub
Syrphid adult
6
Parasitoids

• Most parasitoids, with the exception of
  Tachinids, are very tiny and almost impossible to
  identify for the average grower.
• Instead what should be looked for are the results
  of the host pest being parasitized.
• Aphids become brown and bloated, most other hosts
  become blackened or dark in color when
  parasitized.
• Aphidius spp are small wasps, typically less than
  1/8 inch long.
• The female wasp lays an egg inside an aphid, the
  egg hatches and the larva eats the aphid from the
  inside.
• The genus Aphidius contains many species that
  provide biological control of aphids in vegetable
  crops.
• Trichogramma spp. Adult wasps lay their eggs
  within a recently laid host egg, and as the wasp
  larva develops, it eats the host embryo, causing
  the egg to turn black.
• This wasp parasitizes tomato fruitworm eggs as
  well as many other caterpillar pest species.

7
Parasitoid complex in Tomato
Adult, Trichogramma sp
Adult,
Adult, Chelonus blackburni
8
Bio-control agents and Bio pesticides against
important insect pest of tomato
Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera

• Conserve and augment natural predators and
  parasites for effective control of the pest.
• Inundative release of egg parasite, Trichogramma
  spp., at 6.25 cc/ha at 15 days interval 3 times
  from 45 DAS egg-larval parasite, Chelonus
  blackburnii and the predator Chrysoperla
  1,00,000/ha at 6th, 13th and 14th week after
  sowing.
• ULV spray of NPV at 3 x 10 12 POB /ha with 10
  cotton seed kernel extract, 10 crude sugar, 0.1
  each of Tinopal and Teepol for effective control
  of Helicoverpa armigera spraying should be in the
  evening hours at 7th and 12th week after sowing
  or Spray B. thuringiensis 2 g/lit.
• The combination product of NPV1.51012POB/haMalat
  hion and NPV (1.51012 POB/ha) Azadirachtin 2
  are also effective to control the pest.

9
Important Natural Enemies of Helicoverpa armigera
Eucelatoria bryani, Campoletes sp, Chelonus
sp. Egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum,
Telenomus heliothidae. Larval parasitoid
Eucelatoria bryani, Hyposeter didymotor, Pupal
parasitoid Brachymeria sp., Goniophthalamus
halli Pathogen Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus
thuringiensis, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.
10
Bio pesticides
Neem seed for NSKE
NPV Infected H. armigera larvae
11

• Leaf eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura
• Spray SlNPV at 250 LE along with teepol 1ml/lit
  in evening hrs.
• Spray NSKE 5, spray insecticide during evening
  hrs.
• Prepare poison bait with rice bran 5 kg, jaggery
  0.5 kg, carbaryl 0.5 kg, water 3lit/ha, spread
  the bait in evening hrs.
• Leaf miner, Liriomyza trifoli
• Spray NSKE 3. Collect and destroy mined leaves.
• Natural Enemy
• Hemiptarsonenus varicornis, Diglyphus beginii,
  Opius dissitus.
• Thrips, Frankiniella schultzei
• Release first instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea
  _at_ 10,000/ha and encourage coccinellid predator.

12
Aphids, Aphis gossypii Conserve natural enemies
like Coccinellids, syrphids, Chrysoperla carnea
during early crop growth period insecticidal
spray need not be given at this stage. Spray 5
NSKE or neem oil 1 during pre squaring crop
stage. Release predator Chrysoperla carnea _at_
2000/acre for two times at fortnightly
interval. Jassids, Amrasca devastans Spray 5
neem seed kernel extract or neem oil spray _at_ 1.
Release predator Chrysoperla carnea _at_ 2000/acre
for two times at fortnightly interval. Natural
enemy Chrysoperla sp and Spiders like Distina
albida prey on both nymphs and adults. Mealy bug,
Ferisia virgata Encourage the activity of
predators like C. sexmaculata, B. suturalis, S.
coccivora and C.montrouzieri. Whitefly, Bemisia
tabaci Spray NSKE 5 and neem oil 5 ml or fish
oil rosin soap at 1 kg in 40 litres of water (or)
in combination with recommended dose of
insecticide (2 ml/litre of water) is found
effective. Release predator Chrysoperla carnea _at_
2000/acre for two times at fortnightly interval.
13
Summary

• Biological control may be defined as the use of
  natural enemies to suppress the pest species.
• Predators of insects are animals which capture
  and consume them as a source of food. Among the
  predators the lady birds are important as they
  attack mainly aphids, scale insects, and mealy
  bugs, many of which are serious pests of plants.
• Both adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids
  and occasionally on whiteflies and other
  soft-bodied insects and their eggs.
• Chrysoperla carnea larvae prey upon a wide
  variety of small insects including thrips, mites,
  whiteflies, aphids, small caterpillars,
  leafhoppers, and insect eggs.
• Adult syrphid flies feed on pollen and nectar
  while the larval stage feeds on aphids and other
  soft-bodied insects and play an important role in
  suppressing populations of phytophagous insects.
• Larvae move along plant surfaces, lifting their
  heads to grope for prey, seizing them and sucking
  them dry and discarding the skins. A single
  syrphid larva can consume hundreds of aphids in a
  month. Not all syrphid fly larvae are predaceous,
  some species feed on fungi.

14

• The genus Aphidius contains many species that
  provide biological control of aphids in vegetable
  crops.
• Trichogramma spp. Adult wasps lay their eggs
  within a recently laid host egg, and as the wasp
  larva develops, it eats the host embryo, causing
  the egg to turn black. This wasp parasitizes
  tomato fruitworm eggs as well as many other
  caterpillar pest species.
• Inundative release of egg parasite, Trichogramma
  spp., at 6.25 cc/ha at 15 days interval 3 times
  from 45 DAS.
• Egg-larval parasite, Chelonus blackburnii and the
  predator Chrysoperla 1,00,000/ha at 6th, 13th and
  14th week after sowing.
• ULV spray of NPV at 3 x 10 12 POB /ha with 10
  cotton seed kernel extract, 10 crude sugar, 0.1
  each of Tinopal and Teepol for effective control
  of Helicoverpa armigera
• Spray SlNPV at 250 LE along with teepol 1ml/lit
  in evening hrs for Spodoptera litura.
• Spray 5 NSKE or neem oil 1 during pre squaring
  crop stage. Release predator Chrysoperla carnea _at_
  2000/acre for two times at fortnightly interval
  for soft bodied insects.