THE ROARING 20S AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION

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THE ROARING 20S AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION

• FLAPPERS TO THE CRASH

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VIDEO SUMMARY OF 1920S 3200
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SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS AND CULTURAL CHANGE

• In 1920, due in large part to block voting by
  women and the Treaty of Versailles issue,
  Republican Warren G. Harding was elected
  president of the US.
• His campaign was based on a return to normalcy.
• NEW SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND DISCOVERIES
• 1. Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution gained a
  lot of support. Many started questioning the
  validity of the Bible..
• 2. Albert Einstein published his theory of
  relativity. Space, time and mass were relative
  not absolute and were effected by other factors.
• 3. As a result of this and other findings, people
  began to question the absolutes in society.
  personal responsibility, right and wrong, and
  civilized v. uncivilized.
• NEW TECHNOLOGY
• 1. Mass production by virtue of the assembly
  line. Led to consumerism.
• 2. The car Model TTin Lizzy
• 3. The radioMarconi
• 4. Appliances refrigerator, washing machine,
  gas stove, vacuum cleaner, electric fan, sewing
  machine, etc.
• 5. Entertainment Nightlife, movies, Hollywood,
  Broadway

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THE NEW CONSUMERISM

• Because manufacturers were making products at a
  lower cost, they could sell them at a lower
  costadvertisers had to convince consumers that
  certain products were no longer wants but were
  needs.
• Banks and Finance Companies began offering
  installment plans (loans with a fixed monthly
  payments).
• People now could buy expensive items like cars
  and appliances.
• The US became a consumer society.
• Status was based on what you owned, conspicuous
  consumption was the style, saving money was
  secondary.
• The consumers debt increased.
• WOMEN IN THE 1920S
• The womans place in society changed dramatically
  in the 1920s.
• Right to vote.
• Important part of the workforce.
• Lending laws changed.
• Dress and behavior hemlines got higher, hair got
  shorter, flappers.
• Smoked in public, went to nightclubs
  un-chaperoned!

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INTELLECTUAL RESPONSES TO THE 20s

• The 1920s was a period of unparalleled
  prosperity.
• But there were some who were disturbed about the
  changes.
• LOST GENERATION AUTHORS
• These were authors who felt lost and out of touch
  in the new society.
• 1. Sinclair Lewis criticized society. Main
  Street, Elmer Gantry. He was the 1st American
  to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
• 2. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
• 3. Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises
• HARLEM RENAISSANCE
• 1. Langston Hughes Shakespeare in Harlem
• 2. Zora Neal Hurston The Eyes were Watching God
• BIRTH OF THE JAZZ AGE
• 1. Centered in Harlem, New Orleans, Memphis and
  Chicago.
• 2. Louis Armstrong trumpet
• 3. The Charleston, the Big Apple

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AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLITICAL/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

• DUE TO THE DEMAND FOR SOLDIERS DURING WW1 MANY
  FACTORY JOBS IN THE NORTH OPENED.
• THE MIGRATION NORTH BY SOUTHERN BLACKS STARTED IN
  THE 1890S BUT IT PEAKED DURING THE LATE 19TEENS
  AND 1920S.
• IT WAS KNOWN AS THE GREAT MIGRATION
• AS THEIR NUMBERS INCREASED SO DID BLACK POLITICAL
  POWER1928 OSCAR DEPRIEST BECAME THE FIRST BLACK
  MEMBER OF CONGRESS SINCE 1901. (R-ILL)
• 1920S SAW AN INCREASE IN MEMBERSHIP IN THE NAACP.
• MARCUS GARVEY FORMED THE UNITED NEGRO IMPROVEMENT
  ASSOCIATIONEMPHASIZED BLACK CULTURE AND A BACK
  TO AFRICA MOVEMENT.
• SOCIAL CONFLICTS OF THE 1920S
• 1. THE RED SCARE AND IMMIGRATION
• THE COMMUNIST TAKEOVER IN RUSSIA ALARMED MANY
  AMERICAN BUSINESS AND POLITICAL LEADERS.
• THIS FEAR LED TO THE RED SCARE.
• The assassination attempts on the Sec. of State
  and John D. Rockefeller were blamed on
  Communists.
• This led to the Palmer Raidssubversives and
  Communists.

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RED SCARE AND XENOPHOBIA continued

• Most of the people arrest in the Palmer Raids
  were immigrants.
• This association of immigrants and subversives
  led to the trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo
  Vanzetti.
• They were accused of murder, there was a lack of
  evidence but there was a suspicion of anarchy and
  as result they were found guilty and executed.
• 2. IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
• A 4th rise of nativism developed. (1820s, 1850s,
  1890s and 1920s)
• Immigration quotas and later immigration bans
  were passed on Eastern Europeans and Asians.
• Hispanics became the fastest growing immigrant
  group.
• 3. Fear of Communism and the distrust of
  immigrants gave way to a new KKK.
• Immigrants, Catholics, Jews and Blacks were
  targets of KKK intimidation.cross burnings, hate
  letters, lynchings and threats to employers who
  hired these people.
• 4. PROHIBITION
• 18th Amendment Volstead Act. NOBLE
  EXPERIMENT21ST repealed it
• Bootleggers
• Speakeasies
• The Mafia Al Capone

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Social conflicts continued

• THE SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL
• Challenges to traditional beliefs and religion
  due to scientific discovery and the savagery of
  WW1 led to a short rise in fundamentalism during
  the 1920s.
• 1925 John Scopes was put on trial for violating
  Tennessees anti-evolution law.
• Prosecutor William Jennings Bryan
• Defense Clarence Darrow
• THE CALM BEFORE THE STORM
• Under President Harding the Teapot Dome scandal
  rocked America.
• After returning from a trip to Alaska in 1923,
  Harding died. His VP Calvin Silent Cal
  Coolidge took over.
• His reassuring manner calmed America down.
• The business of America is business.
• The American economy continued to grow and
  prosper. But credit spending was increasing at
  an alarming rate, stock speculation was rising
  and buying on margin buying stock with
  borrowed money was at an all time high

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FARMERS IN THE 1920S

• 1. During the WW1 years farmers did well because
  of the high demand for food products.
• But over-production made farm prices drop
  dramatically in the 1920s.
• Every farm relief bill passed by Congress was
  vetoed by Coolidge.
• He viewed the farm aid bills unconstitutional.
  Many went bankrupt.
• Farmers in the South and Midwest over farmed
  their land and it had disastrous effects on the
  environment.
• In the South soil erosion ruined 1000s of square
  miles of land. kudzu was introduced
• In the Midwest the erosion was so bad that in the
  1930s a drought created the Dust Bowl. Many
  places in the Great Plains became inhabitable.
  It caused a migration of people from Oklahoma,
  Arkansas and Kansas to California. Okies.
• THE ELECTION OF HERBERT HOOVER
• 1929 Republican Herbert Hoover defeated Democrat
  Al Smith for the presidency. Hoover promised to
  continue Coolidges laissez-faire policies, and
  to eliminate poverty.
• October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday the stock
  market collapsed.
• Banks had to call in loans, people who had bought
  on margin, 1000s of speculators lost everything.
  This started the GREAT DEPRESSION.

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CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

• IMMEDIATE CAUSES
• (LED TO COLLAPSE OF THE STOCK MARKET)
• 1. BANK OF ENGLAND RAISED INTEREST RATES AND
  CALLED IN ALL DEBT.
• 2. FED RAISED INTEREST RATES, BANKS FOLLOWED,
  MANY CALLED IN DEBT.
• LONG-TERM CAUSES
• (LED TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION)
• 1. BANK RUNS LED TO SMALL BANKS DECLARING
  BANKRUPTCY (11,000 BY 1932).
• 2. DECLINE IN THE FARM MARKET.
• 3. DECLINE IN FOREIGN TRADE.
• 4. TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT (25 BY 1932)
• 5. TOO EASY OF CREDIT, DEFAULTED LOANS.
• 6. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF THE WEALTH, 3 OF THE
  POPULATION CONTROLLED 95 OF THE NATIONS WEALTH.
• 7. OVER-SPECULATION ON THE STOCK MARKET, TOO MUCH
  BUYING-ON-MARGIN.

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BEGINNINGS OF GREAT DEPRESSION

• After the stock market crashed, the economy of
  the US and the world collapsed.
• Bank runs
• People stopped investing in the stock market
• Wealthy families lost everything
• Unemployment reached 25
• Millions were homeless.
• Churches and charities opened up soup kitchens
  and bread lines.
• Homeless people moved to the big cities and built
  cardboard shanties called Hoovervilles.
  President Hoover ordered the army to destroy a
  Hooverville built by WW1 vets who never
  received their Bonus Pension from the war in
  Washington, DC. Many were killed.
• President Hoovers reputation was ruined.
• Hoover claimed the business cycle would cure the
  problem and offered little government help to aid
  the unemployed.
• ELECTION OF 1932
• Franklin Roosevelt defeated Hoover by a wide
  margin.
• He told us, the only thing we have to fear is
  fear itself.
• FDR stated that it would take government action
  to get us out of the Depression.

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100 DAYS

• FDR argued direct government assistance was
  needed. He called his program the NEW DEAL.
  Relief, recovery and Reform (3Rs)
• He declared a Bank Holiday to stop bank runs.
• In is first 100 days in office FDR pushed through
  Congress many programs .
• 1st NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)provided jobs
  for unmarried men between 17-23. Worked in
  National Parks, built fire towers, rural
  electrification, and planted trees in areas of
  deforestation.
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) government
  loans to farmers and paid farmers not grow
  certain crops in order to increase prices.
• Glass-Steagall Banking Act Created the FDIC an
  insurance policy for savings account deposits up
  to 100,000 in the case of bank failure. Passed
  to stop bank runs. Federal Depository Insurance
  Corporation
• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) law to
  support prices and prevent business failures. One
  part called the Public Works Administration
  handed out government jobs dam construction,
  highways, bridges.
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built a series
  of hydroelectric dams in parts of the South to
  bring rural electrification. It brought hopes of
  prosperity to one of Americas poorest regions.
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed
  writers, artists, actors, as well as public works
  projects (2 million employed by this law
  1933-1941)
• 20th AmendmentLame Duck amendment
• 21st Amendment Repealed Prohibition

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ROOSEVELTS CRITICS

• Many of FDRs programs caused a lot of
  controversy.
• Why??
• 1. too much government control over business.
• 2. socialism
• 3. no respect for personal rights or property.
• But most of his Critics were on the Left
• 1. Huey Long Gov. of Louisiana The Kingfish
• Long believed FDR had not gone far enough.
• Redistribution of the wealth.
• 2000 per year for every family.
• Limit 1 million with the rest taken by the
  government in taxes.
• He planned to run for president in 1936, but was
  assassinated in Sept. of 1935.
• Father Charles Coughlin Radio Messiah
• Catholic priest and radio personality
• Redistribution of wealth.
• Nationalization of banks.
• Anti-Semitic and pro-Mussolini and Hitler

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2nd NEW DEAL

• FDR won by one of the largest margins of all time
  when he was re-elected in 1936.
• He then launched a bold new set of programs
  called the 2nd New Deal
• 1. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) Wagner
  Act government agency created to monitor unfair
  management practices. (firing workers who joined
  unions)
• 2. Social Security Act (SSA) retirement income
  for all workers once they reach age 65. Still
  remains. Program the idea of Sec. of Labor
  Frances Perkins (1st female cabinet member).
• 3. Revenue Act of 1935 Increased the tax rate
  for all those who earned more 50,000/yr. It
  established corporate taxes and estate taxes.
  soak the rich tax.
• COURT-PACKING SCHEME
• The Supreme Court was FDRs biggest obstacle. It
  had declared parts of many of the New Deal
  programs unconstitutional.
• 1937 FDR proposed to enlarge the court from 9 to
  15.
• He could then appoint judges favorable to his
  cause.
• Many people began to accuse FDR as being a
  dictator.
• FDR eventually withdrew the plan because of the
  criticism.

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THE EFFECTS OF THE NEW DEAL

• The New Deal did not end the Great Depression.
  It did bring relief to many. But there were
  still millions unemployed and the economy was
  still down.
• The New Deal did help organized labor (Wagner
  Act)
• 1. workers gained the right to unionize.
• 2. strikes became legal and backed by law.
• 3. as a result union membership increased
  dramatically.
• 4. John L. Lewis formed the CIO (Congress of
  Industrial Organizations) which became Americas
  most powerful union.
• 5. Since the New Deal labor unions --vote heavily
  Democratic.
• WOMEN AND MINORITIES
• Opportunities did open for women, but pay was
  unequal and most New Deal programs benefitted men
  more.
• New Deal programs even sanctioned segregation.
• Blacks had Americas highest unemployment rate.
• Farm laborers did not qualify for Social
  Security.
• But what jobs Blacks got they praised FDR for it.
  Since the 1930s African-Americans have voted
  heavily Democrat.

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GROUNDWORK FOR WAR HITLER AND MUSSOLINI

• 1. EUROPE WAS DEVASTATED BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION.
• 2. POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL UNREST WAS
  WIDESPREAD.
• 3. TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS SEIZED CONTROL IN
  GERMANY AND ITALY.
• GERMANY ELECTED INTO POWER THE NAZI (NATIONAL
  SOCIALIST PARTY) PARTY LED BY ADOLPH HITLER--
  1933
• ITALY, AFTER A REBELLION, ALLOWED BENITO
  MUSSOLINI AND HIS FACIST PARTY TO TAKE CONTROL.
• THEY BOTH PREACHED THAT THE STATE WAS MORE
  IMPORTANT THAN THE INDIVIDUAL, THEREFORE
  OPPOSITION PARTIES WERE OUTLAWED AND PERSONAL
  FREEDOMS WERE ELIMINATED.
• HITLER BLAMED THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE
  JEWS FOR GERMANYS PROBLEMS. HE BECAME KNOWN AS
  THE FUHRER AND HIS RULE THE THIRD REICH (1000
  YEAR EMPIRE)
• FACIST AND NAZI EXPANSION
• OCT. 1935, ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA. LEAGUE OF
  NATIONS CONDEMNED ITALYS AGGRESSION BUT DID
  LITTLE TO HELP ETHIOPIA.
• 1936, HITLER ORDERED GERMAN TROOPS INTO THE
  FRENCH OCCUPIED REGIONS OF GERMANY. ENGLAND AND
  FRANCE DID NOTHING.
• 1938, GERMANY ANNEXED AUSTRIA AND LATER THAT YEAR
  THE SUDETENLAND.
• 1938, ENGLAND, FRANCE AND GERMANY SIGNED THE
  MUNICH PACT.
• GERMANY CAN HAVE THE SUDENTENLAND BUT MUST
  PROMISE TO TAKE NO MORE APPEASEMENT.Neville
  Chamberlain Peace in our Time.

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IN ASIA JAPANESE AGGRESSION

• Hitler wanted the USSR for living
  spacelebensraum.
• Hitler did not want war with Russia, maybe after
  they defeat France, but not in 1938 signed a
  Non-Aggression Treaty.
• Japans leader was Emperor Hirohito but actually
  the military was in controlGen. Tojo Hidecki.
• Sept. 1931 Manchurian Crisis Mukden Incident.
• Nov. 1931 League of Nations demanded that Japan
  remove troops from Manchuria, Japan refuses.
• Jan. 1932 Japan captures Manchuria.
• Feb. 1932 Japan claims Manchuria to be
  independent Manchukuo
• Mar., 1932 League of Nations refuses to recognize
  Manchukuo.
• May, 1932 Japan and China sign Tangku Truce
  unofficial beginning of WW2.
• 1935 Congress passes Neutrality Act 1935ban on
  weapon sales to warring countries.
• 1937 War breaks out between China and Japan.
• 1937 FDR issues Quarantine Speech
• 1937 Panay Incident
• 1938 Japan repudiates open door policy in
  China.
• 1938 US puts an embargo on all fuel and
  scrap-metal for Japan.
• 1938 US is not neutral in China.
• 1938 German annexes Austria and Sudetenland.
• 1939 Germany annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• 1939 US Neutrality Act cash and carry policy
  to nations at war.