Cotton economy and slavery;

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Topic 1

• Cotton economy and slavery
• conditions of enslavement
• adaptations and resistance such as the
  Underground Railroad.

2
The Plantation System

• Development of cash crops in the South
• Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky
• South Carolina
• Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi
• Cash Crops Plantations Slavery
• - Cotton Gin Even more slaves

3
Slave Ownership in the South

• 1,733 own 100 slaves
• 6,000 own 50-99 slaves
• 30,000 own 20-49 slaves
• 55,000 own 10-19 slaves
• 80,000 own 5-9 slaves
• 100,000 own 2-4 slaves
• 70,000 own 1 slave each
• 75 of Southern population
• owned no slaves at all!

4
Prosperity for all?

• Northern and Southern economies relied on cotton
• Accounted for 50 of value of all American
  exports after 1840
• The South produced over 50 of worlds supply of
  cotton (and 75 of England)

5
Trouble on the Horizon

• Southerners become too overly speculative and
  dependent on cotton
• Overused the land
• Did not encourage diversity of production
• Very little manufacturing

6
Life as a Slave

• Approx. 4 million slaves in USA by 1860
• Number had quadrupled since 1800
• A slave was an investment, not a person
• Extremely dangerous work was often (but not
  always) left for wage-earners
• Nonetheless, conditions greatly varied based on
  location and structure

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Life as a Slave Part 2

• Slavery in the deep South (SC, GA, FL, MS, AL,
  LA) focused more on hard labor in fields
• Family life tended to be more stable
• Combination of religious practices
• Slavery in the Upper South was more varied
• Plantations, smaller farms, trades
• Denied education
• Reading ideas discontent

8
Resistance

• Running Away
• Underground Railroad
• Sabotage
• Equipment, daily life
• Slow Downs
• Developed myth of Black Laziness
• Rebellion
• Prosser 1800 Vesey 1822 Turner 1831

9
Escape!

• Underground Railroad
• Uneducated life in the South could be
  disorienting
• Railroad was designed to help escapees
• Conductors led groups to safe houses
• Harriet Tubman most famous conductor
• Southerners resented the abolitionists
  attitudes, demanded more stringent Fugitive Slave
  Laws

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Topic 2

• Origins of the Civil War
• Political Issues
• States rights
• Modernization
• Sectionalism
• Nullification Crisis
• Economic differences between the North and the
  South.

11
States Rights

• Debate dates back to Articles of
  Confederation/Constitution
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Developed as a response to the Alien and Sedition
  Acts
• Stressed Compact Theory

12
States Rights Continued

• The Supreme Court strikes
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Asserted national supremacy

13
Modernization

• 1788 North and South equal in wealth and
  population
• Every decade North becomes wealthier and more
  populated
• House v. Senate Balance
• Industrial Strength
• Fultons Steamboat, etc.

14
Sectionalism

• Competition for Western Lands
• Tallmadge Act (defeated)
• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• The dirty bargain
• Tariff of Abominations
• Maintaining Balance
• Compromise

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The Nullification Crisis

• South takes a strong stand on principle against
  all federal encroachments on states rights.
• John C. Calhoun pens The South Carolina
  Exposition denouncing Tariff of Abominations
• Proposes Nullification of tariff within SC

17
Nullification Crisis Continued

• State election of 1832
• Nullies v. Unionists
• Nullies get 2/3rds majority
• SC declares Tariff null and void
• Jackson goes crazy (sort of)
• Henry Clay to the rescue
• Compromise Tariff of 1833
• Force Bill (Bloody Bill)

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Economic Differences

• The North
• Smaller Farms
• Soil/climate favored smaller farmsteads, seasonal
  crops (corn, grains, etc.)
• Shipping
• Large Cities
• Manufacturing

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Economic Differences Continued

• The South
• Became increasingly monopolistic
• The big got bigger and the small got smaller
• Plantation System
• Economic instability
• Over speculation
• Slavery costs/concerns
• Economic Dependency

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Topic 3

• The Abolitionist Debate
• Ideologies and arguments for and against slavery
  and their impact.

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Topic 4

• Reasons for, and effects of, westward expansion
  and the sectional debates
• The Crisis of the 1850s
• The Kansas-Nebraska Problem
• The Ostend Manifesto
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• The Impact of the election of Abraham Lincoln
• The Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation
• Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy

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The Birth of the Republican Party

• Political Parties in 1800s
• Whig (1834)
• Democrats (1840)
• American Party (1854)
• Liberty (1844)
• Free-Soil (1848)
• Republican (1854)

25
The Republican Party

• Formerly organized on July 6th, 1854 in Jackson,
  Michigan
• United in opposing Kansas-Nebraska Act and in
  keeping slavery out of the territories
• Conservative and radical factions

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Election of 1856

• Democrats James Buchanan
• Wins with 45 popular vote
• Republicans John C. Fremont
• Strong showing 33
• Know-Nothings Millard Fillmore
• 22 of popular vote
• Whig party splits/dissolves

27
The Republican Convention of 1860

• William Seward expected to win nomination
• Government experience
• Financial support
• Desire
• Lincoln appeared more moderate

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The Election of 1860

• Republicans Abraham Lincoln
• Democrats Split
• Northerners Stephen Douglas
• Southerners John C. Breckinridge
• Constitutional Union John Bell
• Lincoln Wins ?

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The Impact of the Election of Abe

• Southerners believe they have lost voice
• South Carolina secedes on 12/20/1860
• Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
  Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
• Form the Confederate States of America
• Constitution protected and recognized slavery
• Each state was sovereign and independent
• Jefferson Davis elected president
• Buchanan does nothing

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Topic 5

• Union versus Confederate
• Strengths and Weaknesses
• Economic Resources
• Significance of leaders during the War

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Topic 6

• Major Battles of the Civil War
• Their Impact on the conflict
• Antietam
• Gettysburg
• The role of Foreign Powers

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Antietam

• September 17, 1862 _at_ Sharpsburg, Maryland
• North led by George McClellan
• South led by Robert E. Lee
• Lee wins 2nd Manassas, needs to go on the
  offensive
• Has two northern campaigns during the war
• Maryland Campaign
• Gettysburg Campaign

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Antietam Continued

• Lee invades Maryland
• Has three main goals
• Turn back Union Army
• Encourage Foreign Intervention
• Convince border states

34
Antietam

• Lees lost orders
• McClellan meets Lee outside Sharpsburg
• Gettysburg 51,000
• Chickamauga 34,624
• Wilderness 29,800
• Chancellorsville 24,000
• Shiloh 23,746
• Stones River 23,515
• Antietam 22,720
• 2nd Manassas 22,180

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Casualties
Union Confederate Total
Morning Phase Engaged 23600 20100 43700
  Casualties 7280 6580 13860
Mid-Day Phase Engaged 10000 6800 16800
  Casualties 2900 2600 5500
Afternoon Phase Engaged 13800 7150 20950
  Casualties 2600 1120 3720
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Casualties Continued
Approximate Numbers Union Confederate Total
Killed 2100 1550 3650
Wounded 9550 7750 17300
Missing/Captured 750 1020 1770
Total 12400 10320 22720
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Impact of the Battle of Antietam

• Jefferson Davis was never closer to victory
• British and French were close to diplomatic
  mediation
• Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

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The Battle of Gettysburg

• Union Leadership
• The Army of the Potomac
• McClellan Antietam
• Burnside Fredericksburg, VA
• Hooker Chancellorsville, VA
• Meade
• Chooses Gettysburg to face Lees invasion

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Lees Gamble

• Robert E. Lee, motivated by recent success,
  invades the North again through Pennsylvania
• Lost Jackson _at_ Chancellorsville
• Goals of Northern Campaign
• He who attempts to defend everything ends up
  defending nothing
• Relieve Vicksburg or Invade North?
• Similar motivations as Antietam

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A Confederate Victory

• A victory by Lee in the North at this stage of
  the war (July 1863) might turn the tide
• Give strength to peace prodders in the North
• Encourage Foreign intervention

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Battle Location

• Gettysburg
• was the
• obvious
• convergence
• point for the
• armies to meet

42
Three Days of Fighting

• 92,000 Union vs. 76,000 Confederate
• Battle was a seesaw from July 1-3
• Picketts Charge Seals the fate of the South

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Results of the Battle
Killed Wounded Missing Total of Total
Union 3,155 14,530 5,365 23,040 27
Confederate 2,600-4,500 12,800 5,250 20,650-25,000 30-34

• Lee is forced to retreat into the South
• Meade has an opportunity to follow
• This marks the last time the South is capable of
  invading the North

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The Gettysburg Address

• Four score and seven years ago our fathers
  brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
  conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
  proposition that all men are created equal.
• Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
  whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
  and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on
  a great battle-field of that war. We have come to
  dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
  resting place for those who here gave their lives
  that that nation might live. It is altogether
  fitting and proper that we should do this.
• But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate --
  we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow --
  this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
  struggled here, have consecrated it, far above
  our poor power to add or detract. The world will
  little note, nor long remember what we say here,
  but it can never forget what they did here. It is
  for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here
  to the unfinished work which they who fought here
  have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for
  us to be here dedicated to the great task
  remaining before us -- that from these honored
  dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
  which they gave the last full measure of devotion
  -- that we here highly resolve that these dead
  shall not have died in vain -- that this nation,
  under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --
  and that government of the people, by the people,
  for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

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Civil War Timeline

• January 1861 South Secedes
• March 1861 Lincolns Inauguration
• April 1861 Fort Sumter
• July 1861 First Manassas (Confed Victory)
• April 1862 Shiloh (Union Victory)
• September 1862 Antietam (Union Victory)
• December 1862 Fredericksburg (Confed Victory)
• May 1863 Chancellorsville (Confed Victory)
• May 1863 Vicksburg Campaign (Union Victory)
• July 1863 Gettysburg (Union Victory)
• November 1864 Shermans March to the Sea
• November 1864 Lincoln is re-elected
• April 1865 Confederacy surrenders at Appomattox
  Courthouse

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Topic 7

• Reconstruction
• Economic
• Social
• Political
• Economic Expansion

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Reconstruction

• Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
• April 14th, 1865 _at_ Fords Theater (D.C.)
• Andrew Johnson becomes President
• Over 1 Million dead or seriously wounded
• 600,000 Dead, many by disease, infection
• Direct monetary cost of the war gt 15 Billion
• Nullification/Secession laid to rest
• The United States is
• Slavery is officially ended

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Reconstruction Part II

• What to do about rebel leaders?
• How to rebuild the South?
• Who will rebuild the South?
• How will the country reinstate the Southern
  states to the Union?
• How will the country pay off the debts?
• How will the country absorb millions of recently
  freed slaves?

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Andrew Johnson

• Lincolns Vice President (second term)
• Refused to secede with his state
• Southern Democrat
• Did not understand the North
• Was never accepted by Republicans
• Had not been elected

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Re-Admission

• Lincoln did not believe the Southern States had
  legally withdrawn
• Had a very simple plan to re-admit states
• 10 of voters took an oath of allegiance
• Accepted Emancipation (13th Amendment)
• Form a new state government
• Wade-Davis Bill
• 50 oath, stronger safeguards

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Congressional Reconstruction Plans

• 1866-1867 Congressional Plan 10 Plan with
  passage of 14th Amendment
• 1867-1877 Congressional Plan of military
  Reconstruction 14th Amendment plus black
  suffrage (15th Amendment)
• May not deny voting rights based on race, color,
  or previous condition of servitude (1870)
• Impeachment of Johnson
• No actual misconduct
• Anger at veto of Civil Rights of 1866 and
  Freedmens Bureau Acts

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Freedom

• After Emancipation, many blacks volunteered in
  the Union Army
• 54th Massachusetts
• Benefited from 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
• No suffrage for women
• New opportunities
• Search for family members
• Seek education, jobs (move to cities)
• Run for office (Hiram Revels first senator)

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A Return to Slavery

• Economic necessity forced many former slaves to
  sign labor contracts with planters.
• Sharecropping landowners divided up their land
  among workers. At harvest time, workers would
  give a portion of their crop to the land owner as
  payment for the land
• Tenant Farming Rent land for cash from planters
  and keep all of their harvest
• Opportunity to move up the economic ladder

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Black Codes Jim Crow Laws

• Black Codes - Laws passed by southern states
  imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves
• prohibiting their right to vote
• forbidding them to sit on juries
• limiting their right to testify against white men
  
• carrying weapons in public places
• working in certain occupations.
• Jim Crow Laws Segregation
• Literacy Tests, poll taxes, voter-registration
  laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
• Civil Rights Act of 1964

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