EOCT Review Questions

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EOCT Review Questions
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Question 1What are the steps of the Scientific
Method?

• State the problem. Make a
  hypothesis. Experiment/ observations. Record
  or collect data. Analyze results.
  Make a conclusion.

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Question 1What are the controls? What are
Independent and Dependent Variables?

• Control - stays the same.
• Independent variable - is what you change.
• Dependent variable - is what the results are
  because of what you changed.

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Question 2What is the total magnification of a
microscope when the objective lens is 40X and the
eyepiece is 10x?

• 400x

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Question 3 Which elements are found in all
living cells?

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and
  phosphorus

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Question 4 Why is water essential to life? What
are some properties of water?

• Water is necessary for the survival of living
  things. Water is a polar molecule with a bent
  shape which dissolves other polar compounds.
  Water is cohesive as it sticks together. Water is
  adhesive because it bonds to other molecules.

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Question 5What are the components of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?

• Carbohydrates C,H,O made of monosaccharides
• Proteins C, H, O and N and sometimes S
• Made of Amino acids

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Question 5What are the components of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?

• Lipids C, H, O made of
• 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• Nucleic acids C, H, O, N, P
• Made of nucleotides

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Question 5What are the basic jobs of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?

• Carbohydrates give fast energy.
• Proteins are the building blocks of living
  things.

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Question 5What are the basic jobs of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?

• Lipids are reserve energy sources.
• Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are the blueprints of
  heredity and proteins for the cell.

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Question 7What type of molecule is an enzyme?
What is the function of an enzyme?

• An enzyme is a protein. An enzyme speeds up and
  helps a reaction to start.

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Question 7How do they affect activation energy?
How are they affected by temperature?

• An enzyme lowers the activation energy for a
  reaction. This is the energy required for a
  reaction to occur. Enzymes work better at certain
  temperatures and pH.

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Question 8Explain what is occurring when the
enzyme is added to the reaction.

• Activation energy is lowered and the reaction
  occurs more quickly.

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Question 9What does the lock and key model
explain?

• This model explains that an enzyme only works on
  one substrate just as one key opens one lock.

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Question 10How does homeostasis help an organism?

• Homeostasis is the method by which an organism
  maintains a balance internally necessary for
  survival.

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Question 11If you came upon a remote island, how
would you determine living from non-living
organisms?

• Characteristics of living things -able to
  reproduce, -some can move, -able to grow, -made
  of cells,- uses energy, -adaptations

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Question 12How do you determine if a cell is a
prokaryote or a eukaryote?

• An eukaryote has a true nucleus and membrane
  bound organelles.

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Question 13Describe the function of the
following organelles nucleus, mitochondria, ER,
ribosomes, and golgi body.

• Nucleus control center of the cell.
• Mitochondria power house of the cell.
• ER canal system of the cell which transports
  materials(intracellular highway).

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Question 13Describe the function of the
following organelles nucleus, mitochondria, ER,
ribosomes, and golgi body.

• Ribosomes organelle where proteins are made.
• Golgi Body packaging center for the cell.

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Question 14What organelle controls what goes in
and out of a cell?

• The cell membrane is the gate keeper for the cell.

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Question 15Which features distinguish a plant
cell from an animal cell?

• Plant cell- larger vacuole, cell wall, and
  chloroplasts.
• Animal cell- does not have a cell wall or
  chloroplasts and contains centrioles and
  lysosomes.

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Question 18What is osmosis? What is diffusion?
Active transport?

• Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
• Diffusion is the movement of materials from an
  area of greater concentration to lesser
  concentration.
• Active transport requires extra energy and moves
  materials from lesser concentration to greater
  concentration.

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Question 19What happens when you put a carrot in
a glass of salt water? Explain in detail.

• The carrot shrinks because water moves out of the
  carrot. Salt water is a hypertonic solution and
  plasmolysis occurs.

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Question 20What is the difference between an
autotroph and heterotroph?

• An autotroph is a producer that makes its own
  food.
• A heterotroph is a consumer that cannot make its
  own food and must eat to survive.

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Question 21What is ATP? What is it used for?
Where?

• Adenosine Tri-phosphate
• Used for energy in all cells.
• It is made in the mitochondria

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Question 22How are photosynthesis/ respiration,
and plants/animals related?

• Photosynthesis occurs in plants. Respiration
  occurs in plants and animals. The products of
  photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular
  respiration.

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Question 23What are stomata?
What do they do?

• Stomata are pores on the bottom of a plant leaf
  which take in CO2 and release O2. Water
  evaporates and is called transpiration.

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Question 24What occurs in each step in the
process of mitosis?

• Prophase - Nuclear membrane fades and doubled
  chromosomes appear.
• Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle of
  the cell.
• Anaphase - Chromosomes split and move to the
  poles of the cell.
• Telophase - 2 new cells are formed (cytokinesis).

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Question 25How does cytokinesis differ in plants
and animals?

• In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the
  pinching in of the cell membrane.
• In plant cells, a cell plate is formed.

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Question 26Explain binary fission

• Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce. They
  form a circular DNA, double it, and split the
  cytoplasm.

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Question 27What is produced by the process of
meiosis? What is produced by mitosis?

• Meiosis produces 4 sex cells.
• Mitosis produces 2 body cells.

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Question 28Why is Mitosis important?
Why is Meiosis important?

• Mitosis- is used for growth and repair
• Meiosis- is used to make gametes for sexual
  reproduction

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Question 29Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic
condition in which the DNA code CGG is repeated
multiple times on the X chromosome. How did this
genetic condition MOST likely happen?

• A mutation occurred on the X chromosome.

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Question 30What is an advantage of asexual
reproduction?

• It can occur very quickly and produces identical
  offspring.

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Question 31What are 2 advantages of sexual
reproduction?

• With 2 different parents, this leads to more
  variety among offspring.
• 2. Sexual reproduction helps to accumulate more
  beneficial mutations.

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Question 32Why is sexual reproduction BEST in a
changing environment?

• Sexual reproduction gives you more variety among
  offspring-being different from parental
  organisms. The organism that can adapt and make
  changes to a changing environment will be better
  equipped to survive.

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Question 33What is the shape of DNA? What is
DNA made of ? What is a nucleotide?

• Double helix
• DNA is made of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate,
  and nitrogen bases-Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
  Guanine.
• A nucleotide consists of sugar, phosphate, and a
  nitrogen base.

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Question 34What are the codons and amino acids
transcribed by mRNA from the following DNA
sequence AAGTACCGT? Where does this take place?
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Question 34What is transcribed by mRNA from the
following DNA sequence AAGTACCGT?Where does
this take place?

• mRNA- UUCAUGGCA
• Amino Acids- Phe-Met-Ala
• In the nucleus of the cell.

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Question 35Which process involves both DNA and
RNA?

• Transcription

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Question 36How do the following terms differ?

• Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses
• 4 squares 16 squares
• Genotype and Phenotype
• Tt Tall

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Question 36How do the following terms differ?

• Homozygous and Heterozygous
• TT, tt Tt
• Law of Independent Assortment
• - Random distribution of Alleles
• Law of Segregation
• -2 alleles for each trait separate

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Question 37What causes Down Syndrome?

• Nondisjunction of number 21 chromosomes which
  results in three 21 chromosomes (called trisomy)

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Question 38What would be the phenotypic and
genotypic ratios of a cross between a
heterozygous tall plant and a homozygous
recessive plant? Do a Punnett Square

• T t Genotype t 50
  Tt, 50 tt t Phenotype 50 tall,
  50 short

Tt tt
Tt tt
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Question 39As parents, you do not have the
genetic disorder of color blindness, but your son
does. How is this possible?

• Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. A male
  only has one X and will inherit the disease from
  his mother. The mother would not be color blind.

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Question 40How has genetic engineering
(biotechnology) improved agriculture and medicine?

• Plants become more disease resistant when plants
  are cross-bred.

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Question 41Explain how a weed becomes resistant
to herbicides (evolutionary wise).

• Some weeds are not killed by the herbicide and
  next, they mutate. The mutation enables the weed
  to pass the trait onto the next generation.

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Question 42What do homologous structures
indicate?

• Homologous structures are similar in structure
  but different in function. This proves that the
  two species have a common ancestor. Example
  human arm and bat wing

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Question 43What is natural selection and how is
the environment involved?

• Survival of the fittest
• Organisms that adapt to changes in their
  environment live long enough to reproduce and
  pass their traits to their offspring.

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Question 44Poison ivy has an irritating oily
coating on its leaves. How does this adaptation
help the plant survive?

• The coating keeps herbivores from eating the
  poison ivy.

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Question 45The fur on an arctic fox is brown in
the summer and white in the winter. What is the
MOST likely reason for this change in fur color?

• The color change was a mutation that helped them
  camouflage in their environment.

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Question 46Why does great genetic diversity
decrease the likelihood of extinction?

• There is more genetic variety. Therefore,
  organisms will have many different traits and can
  survive changes in their environment.

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Question 47 What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

• This is the theory of how the first eukaryote
  cell was made by one cell ingesting another cell.
  The proof is that the DNA, mitochondria, and
  chloroplast are like a prokaryote cell.

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Question 48 In the diagram on your page, what
trait does a chimp have that the others do not?

• Fur and mammary glands

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Question 49 In the following phylogenic tree,
which species is most closely related to
Drosophila melanogaster?

• Drosophila willstoni

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Question 50What are the seven levels of
classification used in Linnaean nomenclature?

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  species

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Question 51Mushrooms were once classified as
plants that did not photosynthesize. Today they
are classified in the Kingdom Fungi. Why did this
change occur?

• The invention of the microscope allowed the
  discovery that chloroplast were not in fungi.

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Question 52A scientist discovers a new organism
that absorbs nutrients directly into its body to
obtain energy. Microscopy shows that the
organism contains many cells. In which kingdom
is the organism classified?

• Kingdom Fungi

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Question 48How could you set up a simple
dichotomous key to classify several tree leaves?

• A dichotomous key gives you two choices for each
  characteristic. Next, you choose which
  characteristic is true and follow the
  instructions.

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Question 53What characteristics are shared by
fungi and plants?

• Both fungi and plants have cell walls. Both are
  multicellular and both are eukaryotes.

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Question 54How can you tell a bacteria and a
protist apart?

• Bacteria is a prokaryote (no nucleus).
• A protist is an eukaryote (has a nucleus).

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Question 55How do viruses reproduce?

• Viruses reproduce by injecting its DNA into
  another cell. Next, the DNA tells the cell to
  make more viruses.

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Question 56How are bacteria helpful to humans
and our environment?

• Bacteria help us digest food in our intestines
  and are also used in treating waste in a sewage
  treatment center.
• Some foods are made with bacteria, including many
  cheeses, yogurt, sour cream, and saurkraut.

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Question 57What are examples of animal-like
protists?

• Amoeba move with pseudopods
• Paramecium move with cilia
• Trypanosoma move with a flagella.

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Question 58What is the adaptive value of being
an evergreen tree, such as spruce tree, instead
of a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak?

• To be able to photosynthesize year round and to
  survive in harsher climates.

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Question 59What are endotherms and ectotherms?
List examples of each.

• Endotherms are animals that maintain an internal
  temperature. Examples human, birds, mammals
• Ectotherms are animals that change temperatures
  with their surroundings. Examples fish,
  reptiles, amphibians

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Question 60What structures are found only in
mammals?

• Mammary glands and fur

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Question 61What are the differences between
internal and external fertilization?

• Internal fertilization fertilizes a small number
  at a time and has a greater chance of survival.
• External fertilization fertilizes many at a time
  but there is smaller chance of survival.

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Question 62What are examples of abiotic and
biotic factors?

• Abiotic (non-living)
• Air, water, soil, rocks
• Biotic (living)
• Ducks, plants, bacteria, frogs, fish

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Question 63What are the major causes of acid
rain? What are some effects?

• Acid rain is caused by air pollution, mainly due
  to the excessive use of fossil fuels.
• Effects include damage to trees and fish
  populations, along with acid erosion.

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Question 64What are the limiting factors to
plant growth in the biomes?

• The main limiting factors in any biome are
  temperature and precipitation.

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Question 65What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.

• Tundra short grasses
• polar bears, trout, caribou
• Taiga spruce and fir trees, deciduous trees
• birds, beaver, deer, mountain lions
• Temperate forest oaks, maples, shrubs
• Squirrels, rabbits, foxes, birds and deer.

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Question 65What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.

• Temperate grassland grasses and herbs
• gazelles, bison, horses, lions, deer, and mice
• Desert cacti, Joshua trees, and succulents
• lizards, bobcats, birds, tortoises, and toads

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Question 65What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.

• Tropical savanna grasses and trees
• lions, hyenas, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes,
  zebras, birds, and insects
• Tropical rain forest evergreens, bamboo and
  sugar cane chimpanzees, Bengal tigers,
  elephants, orangutans, bats, toucans, sloth and
  snakes

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Question 66Draw and label and energy pyramid,
using examples.
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Question 67How would you differentiate between
populations and communities?

• A pond community consists of several populations
  such as mallard duck population, frog population,
  trout population.

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Question 68What is the difference between niche
and habitat?

• A niche is an organisms job or function.
• Habitat is where an organism lives.

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Question 69Draw a food chain with at least 4
organisms.

• Grass --gt rabbit--gt snake --gt eagle

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Question 70How would removing the first consumer
in the food chain affect the flow of energy?

• Grass--gt rabbit--gt fox
• The fox will starve and the grass will grow more.

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Question 71What type of environment shows
primary succession? Secondary succession?

• An environment that had no previous living things
  will show primary succession. The first
  organisms to appear are bacteria, fungus and
  lichens.
• Secondary succession occurs after a flood, fire,
  etc. on an area where living things existed
  before.

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Question 72How could we reduce the use of
pesticides in the US?

• In place of pesticides, certain bacteria could be
  used to attack the insects/pests that are
  destroying plants and crops, or natural predators
  can be introduced.

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Question 73In the carbon cycle, which processes
return carbon to the atmosphere?

• Carbon is returned to the atmosphere by cellular
  respiration and the burning of fossil fuels.

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Question 75What are the possible effects of
global warming?

• Global warming is a slight increase of the
  average temperature. This increase in
  temperature leads to the melting of ice caps.
  This may lead to more floods and the change in
  the water amount in some climates.

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Question 76Why does a plant gravitate towards
sunlight?
It will move towards the sunlight due to
phototropism.
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What is the type of succession that is
illustrated below?

• The type of succession is primary succession, in
  which an environment forms in a new area for the
  first time. If it is secondary succession, the
  natural environment re-takes what has been
  changed by man.

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Question 79Using the dichotomous key, what
family does the plant belong to?

• The plant is a Virginia bluebell.

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Question 80What type of relationship does the
hare and fox have? What would the chart look
like if the fox was not present?
They have a predator/prey relationship. The two
populations are equal at the intersecting points.
It is a direct correlation between the two
populations. If the fox was not present, the
hare population would increase, then level off.
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Good Luck !