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Chapter 7 Drugs

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Chapter 7 Drugs Having sniffed the dead man s lips, I detected a slightly sour smell, and I came to the conclusion that he had poison forced upon him. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 7 Drugs


1
Chapter 7Drugs
  • Having sniffed the dead mans lips, I detected a
    slightly sour smell, and I came to the conclusion
    that he had poison forced upon him.
  • Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles
  • A Study in Scarlet

2
Drugs
Students will learn
  • How to apply deductive reasoning to a series of
    analytical data.
  • The limitations of presumptive (screening) tests.
  • The relationship between the electromagnetic
    spectrum and spectroscopic analysis.
  • The dangers of using prescription drugs,
    controlled substances, over-the-counter
    medications, and illegal drugs.

3
Drugs
Students will be able to
  • Chemically identify illicit drug types.
  • Classify the types of illicit drugs and their
    negative effects.
  • Discuss the federal penalties for possession and
    use of controlled substances.
  • Explain the need for confirmatory tests.

4
Drugs
  • Describe IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and GC-MS
  • Present and interpret data with graphs.
  • Use the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) to
    identify pills.
  • Use technology and mathematics to improve
    investigations and communications.

5
Drugs and Crime
  • A drug is a natural or synthetic substance
    designed to affect the subject psychologically or
    physiologically.
  • Controlled substances are drugs that are
    restricted by law
  • Controlled Substances Act is a law that was
    enacted in 1970 it lists illegal drugs, their
    category and their penalty for possession, sale
    or use.

6
Forensic Toxicology Vocabulary
  • Toxin
  • Work in small quantities or low levels
  • Tend to disguise or mask themselves
  • Many produce permanent damage
  • Require sensitive analytical instruments for
    detection
  • Poison
  • Generally enters the body in a single massive
    dose or accumulates to a massive dose over time
  • Identifiable by overt symptoms
  • Can be combated by prompt treatment

7
Crimes involving Poison
  • Graham Young The Teacup Killer
  • Jim Jones The Jonestown Massacre
  • Harold Shipman Dr. Death
  • Georgi Mardov Mystery of the Poisonous
    Umbrella
  • The Chicago Tylenol Murders
  • Kristin Rossum The Toxic Toxicologist

8
  • Opiates
  • Derived from milky secretions of the poppy bulb
    before flowing.
  • Provides a euphoric escape from reality
  • Ex. Morphine, codiene, heroin, demerol, methdone
  • Stimulants
  • Affect CNS and the reabsorption process of
    dopamine
  • Ex. crack

9
  • Aphetamines
  • Synthetic drug that is used as a stimulant
  • Impairs dopmine, brain neurotransmitter
  • Ex. Speed, meth, chalk, ice, crystal, crank
  • Barbiturates
  • chemical compound found in sleep-inducing and
    sedative drugs
  • they are known by the color of their tablets
  • Yellow jackets-Nembutal
  • Reds-Seconal
  • Christmas trees-Tuinal
  • Blues-Amytal

10
  • Narcotics
  • Induces drowsiness, sleep, stupor or
    insensitivity.
  • Most illegal w/o prescription
  • Marijuana
  • Active ingredient is THC(tetrahydrocannabinol)
  • Makes person tired rather than euphoric greatly
    impairs reasoning abilities and ability to drive

11
Controlled Substances Act
  • Schedule Ihigh potential for abuse no currently
    acceptable medical use in the US a lack of
    accepted safety for use under medical supervision
  • Schedule IIhigh potential for abuse a currently
    accepted medical use with severe restrictions
    abuse may lead to severe psychological or
    physical dependence
  • Schedule IIIlower potential for abuse than the
    drugs in I or II a currently accepted medical
    use in the US abuse may lead to moderate
    physical dependence or high psychological
    dependence
  • Schedule IVlow potential for abuse relative to
    drugs in III a currently accepted medical use in
    the US abuse may lead to limited physical or
    psychological dependence relative to drugs in III
  • Schedule Vlow potential for abuse relative to
    drugs in IV currently accepted medical use in
    the US abuse may lead to limited physical or
    psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV

12
Examples of Controlled Substances and Their
Schedule Placement
  • Schedule Iheroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD,
    marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)
  • Schedule IIcocaine, morphine, amphetamines
    (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin
  • Schedule IIIintermediate acting barbiturates,
    anabolic steroids, ketamine
  • Schedule IVother stimulants and depressants
    including Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital,
    Darvon
  • Schedule Vcodeine found in low doses in cough
    medicines

13
Identification of Drugs
  • PDRPhysicians Desk Reference
  • Field Testspresumptive tests
  • Laboratory Testsconclusive tests

14
Physicians Desk Reference
  • PDRa physicians desk reference is used to
    identify manufactured pills, tablets and
    capsules. It is updated each year. This can
    sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the
    legally made drugs that may be found at a scene.
    The reference book gives a picture of the drug,
    whether it is a prescription, over the counter,
    or a controlled substance as well as more
    detailed information about the drug.

15
Human ComponentsUsed for Drug Analysis
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Hair
  • Gastric Contents
  • Bile
  • Liver tissue
  • Brain tissue
  • Kidney tissue
  • Spleen tissue
  • Vitreous Humor of the Eye

16
Drug Identification
  • Screening or presumptive tests
  • Spot or color tests
  • Microcrystalline test
  • a reagent is added that produces a crystalline
    precipitate which is unique for a certain drug.
  • Chromatography
  • Confirmatory tests
  • Spectrophotometry
  • Ultraviolet (UV)
  • Visible
  • Infrared (IR)
  • Mass spectrometry

17
Presumptive Color Tests
  • Marquisturns purple in the presence of most
    opium derivatives and orange-brown with
    amphetamines
  • Dillie-Koppanyiturns violet-blue in the presence
    of barbiturates
  • Duquenois-Levineturns a purple color in the
    presence of marijuana
  • Van Urkturns a blue-purple in the presence of
    LSD
  • Scott testcolor test for cocaine, blue

18
Chromatography
  • A technique for separating mixtures into their
    components
  • Includes two phasesa mobile one that flows past
    a stationary one.
  • The mixture interacts with the stationary phase
    and separates.

19
Types of Chromatography
  • Paper
  • Thin Layer (TLC)
  • Gas (GC)
  • Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)
  • Liquid (LC)
  • High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)
  • Column

20
Paper Chromatography
  • Stationary phasepaper
  • Mobile phasea liquid solvent

Capillary action moves the mobile phase through
the stationary phase
21
Thin Layer Chromatography
  • Stationary phase a thin layer of coating
    (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic
    or glass
  • Mobile phase
  • a liquid solvent

22
Retention Factor (Rf)
  • This is a number that represents how far a
    compound travels in a particular solvent
  • It is determined by measuring the distance the
    compound traveled and dividing it by the distance
    the solvent traveled.
  • If the Rf value for an unknown compound is close
    to or the same as that for the known compound,
    the two compounds are likely similar or identical
    (a match).

23
Why Analyze Drugs?
  • To identify the sample.
  • To identify any contaminants in a known drug.
  • To link the sample to a source.
  • To determine dosage levels of a given drug and
    link to cause of death.
  • To determine if a drug interaction interrupted
    normal body function.

24
Gas Chromatography
  • Phases
  • Stationarya solid or a viscous liquid that lines
    a tube or column
  • Mobilean inert gas like nitrogen or helium
  • Analysis
  • Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity
    of the substance present
  • Uses retention time instead of Rf for the
    qualitative analysis

25
Uses of Gas Chromatography
  • Not considered a confirmation of a controlled
    substance
  • Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy
    (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)
  • Used to quantitatively measure the concentration
    of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real
    requirement to know the concentration of a
    substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence).

26
Spectroscopy
  • Spectroscopythe interaction of electromagnetic
    radiation with matter.
  • Spectrophotometeran instrument used to measure
    and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical
    substance.

27
Spectrophotometry
  • Components
  • A radiation source
  • A frequency selector
  • A sample holder
  • A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation
    into an electrical signal
  • A recorder to produce a record of the signal
  • Types
  • Ultraviolet
  • Visible
  • Infrared

28
Infrared Spectometry
  • Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of
    the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • Compares the IR light beam before and after
    passing through a transparent sample.
  • Resultan absorption or transmittance spectrum
  • Gives a unique view of the substance like a
    fingerprint

29
IR spectrum is split into two approximate
regions 4000-1000 cm-1 known as the functional
group region lt 1000 cm-1 known as the
fingerprint region
30
Mass Spectrometry
  • Gas chromatography has one major drawback, it
    does not give a specific identification. Mass
    spectrometry cannot separate mixtures. By
    combining the two (GCMS), constituents of
    mixtures can be specifically identified.

31
Mass Spectrometry
  • In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is
    directed at sample molecules in a vacuum chamber.
    The electrons break apart the sample molecules
    into many positive charged fragments. These are
    sorted and collected according to their
    mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating electric
    or a magnetic field.

32
Mass Spectra
  • Each molecular species has its own unique mass
    spectrum.

33
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34
IR Spectrophotometry andMass Spectrometry
  • Both work well in identifying pure substances.
  • Mixtures are difficult to identify in both
    techniques
  • Both are compared to a catalog of knowns
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