What happened in England?

1
What happened in England?

• The development of limited monarchy
• (Constitutional Monarchy)

2
Constitutional Monarchy

• A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY is a form of government
  established under a constitutional system which
  acknowledges an hereditary or elected monarch as
  head of state.
• Though the king or queen may be regarded as the
  government's symbolic head, it is the Prime
  Minister who actually governs the country. For
  example Queen Elizabeth II of England.

3
The Monarch and Parliament

• What was Parliament?
• The representatives of the people.
• Why did England have a Parliament?
• Magna Carta in 1215.

4
Magna Carta

• 1215 barons had enough listed their grievances
• List became known as Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• John met barons at Runnymede
• It introduced the idea that even the king must
  obey some laws!

5
Magna Carta

• The king must not interfere with the Church
• When a baron inherits land he should pay the king
  no more than 100
• The king cannot collect new taxes unless the
  barons and bishops agree
• No freeman can be put in prison without trial by
  a jury
• Justice will be without delays or bribes
• Traders must be able to travel freely without
  having to pay tolls
• The Kings men must not take anyones goods
  without paying for them.
• As soon as peace is restored, all foreign
  merchants should leave the country.

6
The Tudors and Parliament
7

• Edward, Mary, Elizabeth
• After Henrys death and short reign of son
  Edward, Mary I became queen
• Often called Bloody Mary, briefly made England
  Catholic again
• 1558, Mary died Elizabeth crowned queen
• Returned England to Anglican Church with
  Parliaments help

• Tension
• Tension developed between Parliament, queen
• Parliament pressured her to marry so she would
  have heir to throne
• Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit
  her freedom
• Still managed to talk Parliament into approving
  funds she needed

8
Elizabeth in Charge

• Major reason for Elizabeths good relationship
  with Parliament, her willingness to let members
  speak minds without fear of punishment
• Close ties shown in fact that she called
  Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign
  
• Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty
  keeping subjects from questioning her actions
• Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
• Asked publicly, Cannot princes err? Cannot
  subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or
  authority infinite?
• Essex tried, executed as a traitor
• Not the last to question Elizabeths authority

9
How did Parliament interfere with absolute
monarchy?

• Parliament wanted to share power with the
  Monarch.
• James expected to be an absolute monarch and was
  challenged by Parliament.

10
The Stuarts and Parliament

• The Tudors success with Parliament not repeated
• Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded
  Elizabeth

11
England

• James I
• Son of Mary Queen of Scots
• Raised by Scottish leaders
• Divine right of kings
• Royal monopolies
• Dissolved Parliament
• Lost favor of the people
• Puritans' opposition

12
English monarchs attempted to establish absolute
system

• James I (1603-1625) fought with Parliament over
  his authority.
• Puritans wanted Anglican Church to reflect a
  Calvinist view.
• James refused to cooperate, except for a new
  Bible translation.

www.bbc.co.uk/history
13
James I and the clash with Parliament

• James I wanted absolute power when he inherited
  the throne from Queen Elizabeth
• Elizabeth wanted absolute power too, but was
  better at flattering parliament to get her way
• Always conflict between the royalty and
  parliament over - royalty wants for royal
  court and foreign wars

14
James I continued

• Also annoyed people b/c he refused to make
  Puritan reforms (get rid of Catholic practices).
  
• Hated when anyone told him what to do (sound
  familiar?)
• Known for the King James Bible the Puritan
  translation of the old Bible

15
James I

• Reigned 1603-25
• The people disliked him
• Jamestown Plymouth, Massachusetts founded
• England went into debt James demanded high taxes
• Argued with Parliament wanted absolute monarchy
  as in Henry VIIIs day

16
King James I
17
Charles I Defies Parliament
When James I died in 1625, his younger son was
crowned king as Charles I.
18
England

• Charles I
• Son of James I
• Revolt in Scotland
• Scottish people did not feel fairly treated
• Imposition of bishops versus presbyters
• War with France
• Unable to raise taxes without Parliament
• Long Parliament
• Civil War
• Death of the king
• Roundheads vs Cavaliers

19
Charles I

• 1625, James I dies and his son, Charles I, gets
  the throne
• Always needed for war
• When parliament denied requests, he dissolved
  parliament
• 1628, parliament gets back together and asks
  Charles to sign the Petition of Right

20
What was the Petition of Right?

• An agreement between Parliament and the King that
  said the king must
• Get Parliaments consent to raise taxes.
• Not imprison subjects without due cause.
• Not have martial law or house soldiers in time of
  peace.

21
Petition of Right

• No imprisonment without due cause
• No taxation without parliaments consent
• No putting soldiers in private homes
• No martial law during peacetime
• Charles I signed the petition and then ignored it
  even dissolved parliament again and levied mad
  taxes on the people

22
How did the Petition of Right limit the monarchy
in England?

• The king had to follow rules.
• Especially important the king had to ask
  Parliaments permission to raise taxes

23
More of Charles I

• The people hated the taxes (obviously)

24
What did Charles do to limit Parliaments Power?

• He did not allow them to meet for over ten years.
• When they did meet he tried to arrest
  Parliaments leaders
• This started the English Civil War.

25
Charles loses his head in an argument

• Charles I (1625-1649) pursued an aggressive
  foreign policy with Spain.
• Continually sought new funds from Parliament,
  members checked his power by forcing him to sign
  the Petition of Right, 1628.
• When Charles dissolved Parliament and tried to
  raise money, civil war resulted.

www.mdarchives.state.md.us/.../
01glance/images/charles1.jpg
26
Parliamentary Parties

• Tories for a strong king, tended to be Anglicans
  landless nobles (who got their titles from the
  king)
• Whigs for a strong Parliament, tended to be
  Anglicans who supported religious freedom, as
  well as merchants and lawyers also included
  Puritans

27
The English Civil War

• Conflict Continued
• Conflict continued between king who believed in
  absolute monarchy, Parliament that saw itself
  independent
• Conflict led to war, kings death

• Parliament Reconvened
• 1640, Charles I finally reconvened Parliament to
  ask for more money
• Long Parliament did not disband for several
  years

• Limited Kings Powers
• Having been ignored 11 years, Parliament took
  opportunity to further limit kings powers
• Demanded Parliament be called at least every
  three years

• Grudging Acceptance
• Parliament also ruled king could no longer
  dismiss Parliament
• Charles accepted new rules but awaited right
  time to overturn

28
1642 Civil War

• Erupted because Charles I refused to let
  Parliament meet from 1629-40. When they finally
  did meet, refused to give him money unless he
  agreed to limit his own powers.
• Tories willing to fight nicknamed Cavaliers
  (Fr. Chevalierknight)
• Puritans flocked to the banner of General Oliver
  Cromwell known as Roundheads for their closely
  cropped, plain hair, in contrast with the
  fashionably long haired Cavaliers
• Puritanism swept the lend arts and sciences that
  flourished since Elizabeth went underground

29
War with Parliament

• Strategy
• Charles moment came when radical Puritan group
  in Parliament moved to abolish appointment of
  bishops in Anglican Church
• King, whose power connected to power of church,
  was outraged

• Charles Tries Power Grab
• Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for
  treason
• Led troops into House of Commons, but men had
  already escaped
• Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take
  back power

• Civil War Begins
• Some members of Parliament decided to rise up
  against king
• Charles I called for support of English people
• 1642, English Civil War began

30
English Civil War

• Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England,
  there were several religions
• Charles I wanted ONE religion ended up in Civil
  War when the Scots rebelled
• War cost , so Charles needed Parliament.
  Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his
  power
• Supporters of Charles I Royalists
• The opposition supports Parliament Roundheads

31
Royalists and Roundheads

• Without Parliaments funding, king relied on
  contributions to pay army
• Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to
  Charles
• Parliament could back its army by voting for
  funding
• Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for
  short, bowl-shaped haircuts
• Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some
  from upper classes

32
More Civil War

• Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan
  roundheads finally won (1646)
• Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the
  public and executed him
• The decapitation -

33
Trial and Execution

• Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with
  treason, put him on trial
• During trial, Charles defended self with great
  eloquence, refused to even recognize Parliaments
  authority to try him
• In the end, Charles sentenced to death for
  treason
• January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of
  own palace
• To some he was martyr to others tyrant who got
  what he deserved

34
Results of the English Civil War

• Charles I lost and was tried and executed
  (Beheaded).
• England was ruled by a military dictatorship for
  9 years.
• The Restoration lasted for 28 years.
• Glorious Revolution changed kings without
  violence.

35
Oliver Cromwell defeats kings forces and became
Lord Protector

• Charles executed for treason.
• On paper, England was a republic but in practice
  a dictatorship.
• Cromwell suppressed revolt in Ireland.
• Imposed Puritan ideals on English.

http//www.graham.day.dsl.pipex.com/civilwar-cromw
ell.gif
36
Oliver Cromwell

• 1649 he got rid of the monarchy and established a
  republican form of government
• Sent most of the Parliamentary members home and
  eventually established a military dictatorship
  (he tore up the first constitution that his
  associate produced)
• Since Ireland was under English rule, the Irish
  revolted against Cromwell and failed 616,000
  Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

37
England under Cromwell

• Commonwealth
• Englands government changed completely for the
  next 11 years
• House of Commons abolished House of Lords,
  outlawed monarchy
• Became commonwealth, government based on common
  good of all people

• Lord Protector
• 1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of
  England, Scotland, Ireland
• Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience
• Clamped down on social life, closed theaters,
  limited other entertainment

• Foreign Issues
• Cromwell also had to deal with foreign issues
• Led military expeditions to Scotland, Ireland
• Economic policies led to war with Dutch over
  trade also warred on Spain

38
Puritan Morality

• Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
  Englands morality
• Abolished all sinful things like theater
• Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite
  his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

39
A Defender of Absolutism
40
Interregnum

• Latin for between kings, 1649-60
• England became a Protectorate instead of a
  commonwealth with Cromwell as Lord Protector
• Scotland Ireland conquered (hence Irelands
  anti-Protestant attitude
• Oliver dies in 1658, his son Richard now Lord
  Protector
• Richard proves to be inept, so people overthrow
  him in 1660, ask for monarchy

41
The Monarchy Returns
Hobbess ideas reflected the fact that many
people were unhappy under Cromwell, especially
when he dismissed Parliament to rule alonelike a
king. Attitudes were changing so much that a
return to monarchy became possible.
Pepys Great joy all yesterday at London, and at
night more bonfires that ever, and ringing of
bellsevery body seems to be very joyfull in the
business
42
Great Chain of Being

• May explain why English wanted a monarch again.
• A way of looking at the universe and how it works
• All beings and objects arranged in a hierarchy
  with God at the top and mere dust at the bottom
• By killing the king, the chain is disrupted and
  chaos ensues

43
Monarchy Restored

• When Cromwell died, so did his government.
• English invited
• Charles II (1660-1685) to restore monarchy.
• Reign was a period of calm marked by court
  decadence.

44
Restoration and Revolution

• English get sick of military rule and after
  Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles
  I (Charles II) to rule England
• Restoration of monarch restoration
• Allowed the return of theater and sports
• Passed important guarantee of freedom Habeas
  Corpus
• to have the body
• People need to know why theyre arrested
• Could not be held indefinitely without trial

45

• The Reign of Charles II
• Charles had to address many issuesconflict with
  Dutch continued religious tensions remained
  role of Parliament still being developed
• Charles supported religious toleration for
  Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to
  strengthen the Church of England
• Restoration years, mixture of positive, negative
  events

• Positive and Negative
• Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English
  drama resulted
• Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone
  accused of a crime had right to appear in court
  to determine if should be held, released
• 1665, bubonic plague returned following year
  Great Fire of London
• After fire, Charles supported public construction
  projects

46
Monarchy In Crisis

• On Charles death, brother became king.
• James II (1685-1688) was pro-Catholic, which
  angered many.
• When his young wife produced an heir, Parliament
  feared a renewed period of turmoil and removed
  king from power.

www.bbc.co.uk/.../monarchs_leaders/
images/james_2_full.jpg
47
James II
Later in Charless reign the question of who
would succeed him remained. His brother James was
next in line, but he was a Catholic.
48
James II and the Glorious Revolution

• James II got the throne after Charles II died
• Everyone hated James b/c he was flamboyantly
  Catholic and gave his Catholic friends good jobs
• James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his
  own daughter and her husband (protestants)
• William and Mary then ruled England

49
The Glorious RevolutionWilliam and Mary Restore
English Monarchy

• Parliament invited Mary, daughter of Charles I,
  and a Protestant, to jointly rule with her
  husband, William of Orange. (1689-1702)
• Both agreed to follow Parliamentary laws and
  accepted English Bill of Rights.
• England became the only limited monarchy in
  Europe. Parliament in control.

www.camelotintl.com/heritage/ rulers/images/willma
ry.gif
50
What were the results of the Glorious Revolution?

• William and Mary ruled with Parliament
  Constitutional Monarchy.
• They agreed to a Bill of Rights that limited
  governments (monarchs) power
• Cabinet system developed with the Prime Minister
  as leader.

51
Changes in Government
52
Political Changes

• First Constitutional Monarchy where laws limited
  the rulers power
• Bill of Rights
• No suspension of Parliaments laws
• No taxes w/o Parliaments consent
• Freedom of speech in Parliament
• No penalty for complaining about the King

53
Political Changes Continued

• Established a Cabinet
• Cabinet was a link b/w the majority party in
  Parliament and the King
• Became center of power and policymaking
• Still exists today
• Leader of Cabinet Prime Minister

54
1707 Act of Union

• Unifies Scotland England
• Ireland is a subject nation
• Nation known as the United Kingdom of Great
  Britain and Ireland