Great Depression

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Great Depression WWII
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The World in Prosperity and Depression

• The former imperial governments of Germany,
  Russia, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey were
  gone.
• The first years after the war were not easy ones.
  
• Peoples in Central Europe suffered from famine
  caused by a wartime blockade of foodstuffs.
• Returning soldiers faced unemployment. A major
  flu epidemic of 1919 killed as many people as the
  war itself.
• Farms, cities and railroad lines had been torn up
  in the fighting. Europeans spent the next five
  years rebuilding and recovering from the war.

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The World in Prosperity and Depression

• Based on the Treaty of Versailles, Germans had to
  make huge reparation payments for the war to
  France and Britain, slowing German economic
  recovery.
• Germany printed extra money to pay the debt,
  triggering hyper-inflation. Workers were known
  to collect their wages in suitcases, then
  spending them immediately.
• During the war, Britain and France had purchased
  war goods from the United States on credit. Now
  they were deeply in debt.
• Americans faced a brief recession when the war
  ended.

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The World in Prosperity and Depression

• Consumers in both America and Europe also
  benefited from new electric appliances like the
  vacuum cleaners, refrigerator, and toaster.
• They went to the movies and listened to the radio
  for the first time Americans invested some of
  their wealth overseas, especially in Germany.
• American prosperity spread to Europe by the late
  1920s. As Europeans began once again buying
  goods from their colonies, prosperity spread
  further to Asia, Africa, and Latin America

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The Great Depression

• October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) a stock market
  crash in New York started a chain reaction that
  sent the world economy into the Great Depression.
• A depression is an economic downturn in which
  large numbers of businesses fail and workers are
  unemployed.
• The prices of stocks started falling and nothing
  could hold them up, as people scrambled to sell.
• People who lost money in the stock market stopped
  spending.
• America banks and investors recalled their loans
  from Europe, and the depression quickly spread
  world-wide.

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What factors caused the Great Depression?

• Part of the prosperity was due to stock market
  and real estate over speculation. Investors
  borrowed money to invest in order to make a quick
  profit. Another problem was overproduction.
• The interrelationship of loans and debts between
  Europe and America ensured that the recession
  would quickly spread.
• Most government leaders reacted poorly. Many
  stopped spending, tightened credit and cut off
  international trade
• People had no safety net such as unemployment
  insurance or social security, it they lost their
  jobs and savings.

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The New Deal

• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Elected in 1932
• Immediately created a relief program called the
  New Deal.
• The federal government provided money to each
  state to provide the needy with clothing, food,
  shelter.
• To create jobs the government began a program of
  public works.
• Congress all reformed the economic system
• Banks and stock exchanges were put under stricter
  regulations
• Social Security Act 1935 Provided unemployment
  and old-age benefits

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The rise of Fascism

• Fascism government doctrine that relies on
  dictatorial rule and a totalitarian regime, in
  which the state maintains rigid control of the
  people through force and censorship.
• Formed by Benito Mussolini in Italy
• Benito Mussolini Provided a clear response to
  Italys problems
• Black Shirts the followers of Mussolini.
• European fascism shared the following
  Characteristics
• Nationalism extreme nationalist who believed
  that the highest value was the nation.
• Unity of all social classes Felt a single
  national party should unite all classes
• All-Powerful leaders A single all powerful
  leader could best represent the national and will
  lead the nation.
• Extreme Militarism Used violence to defeat their
  political opponents and prepared to use war for
  national expansion.

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The Roots of Fascism

• Anti Semitism The hatred of Jews
• Jews frequently faced prejudice and
  persecution.
• Their unique beliefs and custom made them easy
  targets in times of social unrest and economic
  difficulty.
• Racism
• This is a form of hatred for people of other
  races
• Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinists believed that all human groups
  competed for survival and that stronger groups
  had the right to succeed over weaker groups, who
  deserved to die out.

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The Old Order Collapses

• Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced out when
  the war was lost. The new German democratic
  republic, known as the Weimar Republic, was weak.
• Blamed the Weimar Republic for accepting the
  Treaty of Versailles.
• U.S.S.R
• The Soviet Communists had demonstrated how to
  build a totalitarian state, controlling all
  aspects of life.
• When Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin succeeded
  him as leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin
  quickly moved to eliminate other rivals.

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NAZI Dictatorship in Germany

• The leaders of the Weimar government could not
  agree on how to cope with this economic
  catastrophe
• In the elections, the farmers, the unemployed,
  and members of the middle class turned to be more
  radical solutions offered by both the Communists
  and the Nazi Party.
• National Socialist Party Nazi Party came to
  power in the 1920s.
• Extremely nationalistic
• Anti-Semitic and Anticommunist

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Rise of the NAZI (National Socialist) Party

• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was the leader of the
  Nazi Party.
• By 1921 he was the head of the Nazi Party
• Hitler spelled out his radical ideas in this book
  Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• Condemnation of the Weimar Republic
• Aryan Race Believed that Germans were a superior
  Aryan Race
• Anti-Semitism Jews were an evil race caused
  Germanys
• defeat in the war.
• Important belief of Nazis loyalty/obedience to
• Hitler.

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The Nazis in Power

• Nazis built up their power with a private army of
  Brown Shirts made up of former soldiers and
  unemployed workers.
• They beat up political opponents and Jews, and
  staged rallies and parades.
• When the Great Depression hit Germany support for
  the Nazi party
• increased.
• In 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor
• Conservatives thought they could control Hitler
• Hitler secured complete control quickly
• Someone set fire to the Reichstag(legislature)
  building
• Blamed communists and Hitler said it was a
  communist revolt
• Used these powers to make himself dictator

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Germany under Nazi Control

• In the following months the Nazi Party, like the
  fascists in Italy, took over every aspect of
  German social, economic and political life.
• The army took a personal oath of loyalty to
  Hitler.
• He turned Germany into a police state
• Murdered his rivals within the Nazi party
• Gestapo Secret police with a wide-range of
  powers.
• Created the New Order. Under the New order many
  changes took place

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Germany under Nazi Control

• People were arrested and executed without trial.
  
• Political opponents sent to concentration camps.
• Hitler made use of public works projects like
  building highways and military rearmament to
  secure full employment. Economic prosperity
  returned to Germany
• Hitler called his rule the Third Reich
• Secretly began to rebuild his army
• In 1936 he ordered troops into Rhineland. This
  act violated the treaty of Versailles.
• Sought an alliance with Mussolini (Italy)
• In 1936 they formed the Rome-Berlin Axis

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Dictatorship in the Soviet Union

• In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin used terror
  tactics similar to those used by Hitler.
• People had to obey the demands of the Communist
  Party without complaint or face punishment.
• Government controlled religion and art
• Ordered the imprisonment or execution of
  ministers, priests, and rabbis.
• The works of artists, musicians, and writers were
  subject government control and censorship

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World War II (1939-1945)

• The rise of Fascist dictators in Italy, Germany
  and elsewhere made the outbreak of a new war
  almost inevitable.
• These dictators glorified war and laid plans for
  national expansion.
• WWII could be seen as a continuation of the war
  that had ended in 1918
• Japan will launch a war in East Asia in 1931

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World War II (1939-1945)

• Hitler sought revenge from Britain and France for
  Germanys humiliating defeat.
• Hitler planned to enslave whole populations and
  to exterminate others.
• WWII became a struggle to the death for mastery
  of the world.
• WWII will transform the entire world just as WW1
  transformed Europe.

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Causes of World War 2

• Hitler and Mussolini began taking aggressive
  step.
• Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.
• Hitler helped Francisco Franco, another fascist
  dictator, in Spain.
• Then Hitler demanded Austria and a part of
  Czechoslovakia that had many German nationals
  living there.
• Hitler next demanded Danzig in Poland for the
  seaports but the Poles now backed by Britain
  and France refused to give in.

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Road to WWII
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World War II

• Great Britain France will ask Stalin to become
  a part of an alliance against Germany.
• At the same time Stalin was negotiating with
  Great Britain France he was carrying on secret
  talks with Germany.
• German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Nazi-Soviet
  Pact) August 1939, this agreement publicly
  stated that Germany and the Soviet Union would
  never attack each other.
• Secretly, Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide
  eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

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World War II

• Hitlers invasion of Poland in September 1939
  started the war
• Two days later Great Britain and France decided
  they would not stand for any further Nazi
  aggression and declared war on Germany.
• Blitzkrieg(German for lightning war) it took
  place with great speed and force.
• Phony War Early phase of WWII marked by little
  activity in Western Europe.
• April 9, 1940 the phony war ended with a German
  invasion of Denmark and Norway.
• By the end of 1940, Germany controlled most of
  Western Europe only Britain held out

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Evacuation of Dunkerque

• The British air force was badly outnumbered and
  struggled to help the trapped forces in
  Dunkerque.
• Every available ship boat in Britain was
  ordered to Dunkerque.
• About 330,000 men were safely transported from
  Dunkerque to England.
• Hitler did not attack the retreating Allies which
  proved later to be a costly mistake.

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World War II Battle of Britain

• Hitler hoped to overcome British resistance by
  bombing London and other British cities from the
  air.
• Winston Churchill, the new British Prime
  Minister, rallied British resistance.
• The use of radar, the bravery of the British air
  force, and Britains island location helped
  defend Britain from German air attacks.
• Fought mostly in the air.
• Fighting continued non-stop during September
  October
• Hitler was unable to defeat the British.

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Germany invades the Soviet Union

• By 1940, Hitler had conquered all of Western
  Europe except Britain. According to Hitler,
  Germany needed to expand eastwards.
• June 22, 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet
  Union(Hitler betrayed Stalin)
• Germans first movements were very successful.
• Soviets used the scorched-earth method their
  ancestors used against Napoleon.
• Germans had to fight during the Russian winter.
• Soviets counter attack during the winter which
  forced the Germans to retreat. This causes the
  Battle of Stalingrad which lasts for 6 months.
• Germans are defeated and its a turning point in
  the war.

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The United States Enters the War

• December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise
  attack on American ships at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
  
• More than 2,300 American military dead.
• December 8, 1941 USA and Britain declared war on
  Japan
• December 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declared war
  on USA
• Allied Powers Britain, Soviet Union, and USA
• Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan

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The Holocaust

• The Holocaust refers to the attempted genocide of
  the Jews in Europe during WWII.
• The Final Solution Hitler decided to execute all
  European Jews under the cover of the war.
• Henrich Himmler the head of the Schutzstaffel
  (SS) was the head of the final solution.
• Wannsee Conference January 1942, German
  officials met to set out a systematic plan for
  exterminating Jews in concentration camps.

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Concentration Camps

• Nazis moved Jews by the hundreds of thousands to
  concentration camps in Germany Poland.
• Dachau Buchenwald two of the largest camps in
  Germany
• Treblinka Auschwitz huge death camps in Poland
• Not everyone was killed immediately some worked
  in the camps
• 6 million Jews were murdered (2/3 of those living
  in Europe)

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The War in Europe Ends

• Finally, on D-Day on June 6, 1944, allied troops
  landed in Normandy, in Northern France.
• This was the largest amphibious assault in
  history. The tide of war now turned in favor of
  the allies.
• August 25, 1944 Allied troops enter Paris and by
  September they reached Germanys western edge.
• Several weeks after D-day the soviets began a
  major drive against Germany from the east.
• Germans began to fall apart in spring 1945
• At the end of April 1945 the army in Italy
  surrendered.
• May 8, 1945 V-E day (The day of victory in
  Europe)

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Nuremberg Trials

• Several of the most important Nazi leaders were
  tried and convicted by an international court at
  Nuremberg for crimes against humanity.
• The Nuremberg trials revealed to the world the
  full extent of Nazi atrocities.
• The trials reaffirmed that not just a country but
  its individuals were accountable for violations
  of international law.

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• Germany itself was divided into separate zones
  and occupied by the four victorious allied
  Powers.

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The War in Asia

• Just as German ambitions had triggered the war in
  Europe, Japans aggressive designs led to war in
  Asia.
• Japans military began to influence Japanese
  national policy
• They set Japan on a policy of expansion in Asia.
  They successfully invaded Manchuria, a northern
  province of China, 1931.
• Japan next went on to invade the rest of China in
  1937.

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Japan in WWII

• Japanese leaders saw the war in Europe as an
  opportunity to gain control of mainland Asia.
• Only the United States was in a position to
  prevent Japans expansion.
• When the United States threatened to blockade the
  shipment of oil supplies unless Japan gave up
  some of its conquests, Japanese leaders decided
  on a surprise attack.

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Japan in WWII

• To carry out this strategy, Japan launched a
  massive surprise air attack from aircraft
  carriers on the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl
  Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941.
• Japanese leaders badly miscalculated the ability
  of the USA.
• The tide began to turn in 1943 when the USA
  regained naval superiority in the Pacific at the
  Battle of Midway.
• In early1945 Roosevelt and Churchill met with
  Stalin and agreed that Germany would be divided
  and occupied by allied troops.
• In July 1945 Truman and Attlee meet and demanded
  an unconditional surrender from Japan.

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Japan in WWII

• When Japan refused to surrender President Truman
  had an important decision to use the atomic bomb
  against Japan.
• A German Jewish physicist, Albert Einstein played
  a key role in developing the atom bomb.
• Manhattan Project Leading scientists gathered in
  New Mexico to develop an atomic bomb.
• August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb is dropped on the
  city of
• Hiroshima.
• 80,000 people were killed instantly
• August 9, 1945 another atomic bomb was dropped on
  Nagasaki.
• 40,000 people were killed instantly
• August 14, 1945 the Japanese surrender
  unconditionally.

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The U.S. occupation of Japan (1945-1952)

• General Douglas McArthur was assigned the task of
  rebuilding post-war Japan.
• Reforms made Japan less imperialistic and less
  aggressive
• Japan lost its overseas empire and was stripped
  of its army and navy.
• Japans leaders were put on trial and punished.
• A democratic constitution was created
• Emperor Hirohito was allowed to remain on the
  throne with reduced powers.

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Costs of WWII

• As many as 70 million people died
• More than 34 million were wounded
• In Europe and Asia more than 16 million civilians
  died.
• Violated human rights on scale that had never
  been seen before.
• Some estimates place the war cost at 2 trillion
  dollars.

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The United Nations

• A new international peace keeping organization
  launched in 1945.
• In April 1945 they agreed to the U.N. Charter
• Established its purpose to maintain peace in the
  world.
• Primary purpose was to maintain international
  peace and security.
• General Assembly included all member nations
• Security Council made up of leading powers.
  They are responsible for ensuring peace and
  deterring aggression. China, Britain, France,
  Soviet Union, USA were permanent members.