THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20

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THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20
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Political Philosophies

• Radical (Socialist/ Communist in this era)
• Refers to advocating drastic revolutionary
  changes in society and in the govt.
• Conservative
• Refers to preserving the existing order
  conserving rather than changing (often means
  pro-business)
• Reactionary
• Desire to move society backwards into a past
  society, usually idealized. -- Mugwumps some
  Progressives wanting to return to WASP ideals
• Liberal
• Advocating changes in societys institutions to
  reflect changing conditions. -- Progressive
  movement
• These terms refer to means as well as ends one
  can pursue radical goals by conservative means,
  e.g., socialists running for political office in
  a democratic political system (Eugene Debs)

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CAUSES OF FEAR

• SOCIAL UNREST
• PATRIOTISM
• THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION
• POST WAR STRIKES
• BOMBINGS
• THE WORK OF A. MITCHELL PALMER ATTORNEY GENERAL

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THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW

• FEAR AND PREJUDICE LEAD TO A VIOLATION OF BASIC
  CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.
• LISTEN AND LEARN

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"Red Scare" and the "Great Unrest"

• Fear of Radicalism
• Red Summer
• Racial Violence
• October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution

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Strikes After WWI

• Result of inflation during the war
• Frustrated union-organizing drives
• More strikes occurred in 1917 but number of
  strikers far more in 1919.
• 20 of all workers
• Largest proportion in U.S. history
• Many Americans believed that labor troubles were
  the result of Bolshevism
• Billy Sunday
• Wilson is absent

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Seattle General Strike

• January 1919
• 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike
• All unions in Seattle demanded higher pay for
  shipyard workers
• Seattle mayor called for federal troops to head
  off the anarchy of Russia
• Labor sought industrial
• democracy

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Boston Police Strike

• September 1919
• Over 70 of Bostons 1,500 policemen went on
  strike seeking wage increases and the right to
  unionize.
• Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National
  Guard
• Police went on strike in 37 cities
• They were fired and they recruited from the
  National Guard.

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Steel Strike and United Mine Workers of America
Strike

• Steel Strike
• AFL attempted to organize the steel industry
• September 1919
• Judge Elbert H. Gary Head of USX refused to
  negotiate
• After violence the use of federal and state
  troops
• Broken January 1920
• United Mine Workers of American Strike
• Under John L. Lewis
• Struck for shorter hours and higher wages on
  November 1, 1919.
• Attorney General Palmer obtained injunctions and
  called off the strikes

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Palmer Raids

• After bomb scares, Wilsons Attorney General, A.
  Mitchell Palmer, got 500K from Congress to "tear
  out the radical seeds that have entangled
  American ideas in their poisonous theories.
• Nov. 1919, 249 "radicals" deported to Russia
  after nationwide dragnets mostly anarchists
• Jan. 2, 1920, 5,000 suspected communists arrested
  in 33 cities during

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• Public Reaction
• The end of the Red Scare
• Use of Red Scare to break back of conservatives

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Sacco and Vanzetti

• 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
  charged convicted of killing two people in a
  robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts
• Defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists,
  and draft dodgers
• Judge Webster Thayer and the Massachusetts
  Supreme Court
• In 1927, Judge Thayer sentenced the men to death
  by electric chair

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Ku Klux Klan

• Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but
  also spread heavily into the Southwest and the
  North Central states
• Birth of a Nation
• More resembled nativist "Know-Nothings of 1850s
  and American Protective Association of late 19th
  century.
• Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black,
  anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti- Communist
• Demise of the KKK
• David Stephenson

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Closing the doors on immigration

• 1921 Immigration Act
• Ended open immigration with a limit and quota
  system
• 1924 National Origins Act (Immigration Act of
  1924)
• Reduced immigration to 152,000 total per annum.

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Scopes Trial

• Fundamentalists
• Believed teaching of Darwinian evolution was
  destroying faith in God and the Bible while
  contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in
  the jazz age.
• "Monkey Trial" -- 1925 in Dayton, eastern
  Tennessee
• John Scopes
• ACLU
• Clarence Darrow
• William Jennings Bryan

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Prohibition

• 18th Amendment ratified by states in 1919
• Volstead Act of 1919 implemented the amendment
• Problems with enforcement

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Results of Prohibition

• Rise of organized crime
• Al Capone
• John Dillinger
• Rise of speakeasies
• Prohibition was repealed in 1933

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Glorification of Business

• The Man Nobody Knows
• Bruce Barton
• Calvin Coolidge
• Businessman ruled the nation

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Booming Economy

• US came out of WWI the worlds largest creditor
  nation.
• Between 1922 and 1928 industrial productivity
• Wages at an all-time high
• Electric power increased 19-fold between 1912 and
  1929.

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• New Technology
• New Industries
• Inventions
• Construction
• 1st Trans-Atlantic Telephone

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Revolution in Business

• Corporate
• Mergers continue
• Managerial
• Corporate leadership began to be controlled by
  college-trained, replaceable managers.
• Business schools open
• Businesses add in more layers of management

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New White Collar Workers

• 1920-1930
• white collar jobs rose 38.1
• 10.5 million to 14.5 million
• 1900, 18 of workers white collar 444 by 1930
• Manual labor jobs up only 7.9, 28.5 million to
  30.7 million.
• Huge increase of consumer products created a need
  for advertising and sales people.
• Women increasingly entered the work force.

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Advertising emerged as a new industry

• Manufacturers mastered problems of production
• Need mass market base
• Used persuasion, allure, and sexual suggestion
• Sports Became a big business
• Babe Ruth
• Jack Dempsey

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Scientific Management

• Frederick W. Taylor
• Started movement to develop more efficient
  working methods
• The Principles of Scientific Management
• 1911 Henry Ford

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Henry Ford

• Detroit emerged as the automobile capital of the
  world
• Ford realized workers were also consumers
• Fords use of the assembly line made him about
  25,000 a day throughout the 1920s
• Model-T

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The Impact of the Automobile

• Replaced the steel industry as the king industry
  in America.
• Employed about 6 million people by 1930.
• Supporting industries such as rubber, glass,
  fabrics, highway construction, and thousands of
  service stations and garages.
• Nations standard of living improved.
• Railroad industry decimated by passenger cars,
  buses, and trucks.
• Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs were
  accelerated.
• New network of highways emerged 387,000 mi. in
  1921 to 662,000 in 1929
• Leisure time spent traveling to new open spaces.
• Women less dependent on men.
• Isolation among sections broken down while less
  attractive states lost population at an alarming
  rate.
• Buses made possible consolidation of schools and
  to some extent churches.
• Sprawling suburbs spread out even further as
  America became a nation of commuters.
• One million Americans had died in car accidents
  by 1951, more than all killed in all Americas
  battles
• Home life broke down partially youth became more
  independent
• Crime waves of 1920s and 1930s partially
  facilitated by the automobile.

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The Airplane

• Dec. 17, 1903, Wright Bros. (Orville and Wilbur)
  flew a gasoline-powered plane 12 seconds and 120
  feet at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
• By the 1930s and 1940s, travel by air on
  regularly scheduled airlines was markedly safer
  than on many overcrowded highways.
• 1927, Charles Lindbergh flew the first solo
  flight across the Atlantic
• Impact of the airplane

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Radio

• Guillermo Marconi, an Italian, invented wireless
  telegraphy in the 1890s
• First voice-carrying radio came in Nov. 1920 when
  KDKA in Pittsburgh carried the news of the
  Harding landslide
• National Broadcasting Co. organized in 1926
• Impact of the radio

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Movies

• Emergence of the movie industry
• 1890s peep-show penny arcades
• The Great Train Robbery
• Nickelodeons
• D.W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation
• Hollywood became the movie capital of the world
• Movie Stars
• The Jazz Singer
• 1st talkie

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Impact of movies

• Eclipsed all other new forms of amusement.
• Became new major industry employing about 325,000
  people in 1930.
• Actors and actresses, some with huge salaries,
  became more popular than the nations political
  leaders.
• American culture bound more closely together as
  movies became the standard for taste, styles,
  songs, and morals.
• Provided education through informative "shorts"
  such as newsreels and travelogues.
• Tabloids and the cheap movie magazine emerged as
  two by-products of the movie industry.

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Changes in Working Conditions

• Reduction in Hours
• Welfare Capitalism
• The American Plan of Business
• One major flaw

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Social Life during the Roaring 20s

• Census of 1920s revealed people are living in
  urban areas
• A sexual revolution
• Dr. Sigmund Freud
• The flaming youth
• of the Jazz Age

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Cont

• Margaret Sanger
• Sexual revolution brings some emancipation
• Flapper
• One-piece bathing suits
• Women are smoking and socializing
• Women independence and organization
• ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)
• Alice Paul
• Divorce Laws
• Women Voters
• Rise in Church as a reaction
• Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.

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"Jazz"

• The term "Jazz" became popular after WWI
• Pre-WWI development
• Late 19th Century
• Ragtime
• New Orleans Dixieland Jazz

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The Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem
• Produced a wealth of African American poetry,
  literature, art, and music, expressing the pain,
  sorrow and discrimination AA felt at home.
• Langston Hughes and Claude McKay
• Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club
• Marcus Garvey
• UNIA

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The Lost Generation

• After WWI, a new generation of writers outside of
  the dominant Protestant New England burst upon
  the literary scene
• Henry L. Mencken, in his American Mercury
  magazine
• F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
• Ernest Hemingway (1889-1961)
• Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)
• William Faulkner (1897-1962)
• T.S. Eliot

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Architecture

• Frank Lloyd Wright
• Guggenheim Museum