Chemical Elements and The Periodic Table

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Chemical Elements and The Periodic Table
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What is an element?

• An element is.
• - a chemical substance that cannot be changed
  into simpler substances under normal laboratory
  conditions.
• - a chemical substance from which all other
  substances are made.

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Interesting Uses of Chemical Elements

• Barium is used in fireworks to give the fireworks
  its green color.
• Mercury is the fluid in thermometers.
• Celcium is used in atomic clocks.
• Arsenic is used in weed killers, pesticides and
  poisons.
• Osmium is used in the form of osmium tetroxide in
  fingerprint powders.

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Terms to Know

• Chemical Symbol
• A chemical symbol is an abbreviation of the name
  of a chemical element, such as N for nitrogen or
  Fe for iron. Chemical symbols can be one or two
  letters.
• Some other examples of symbols are
• Ni Nickel Rh Rhodium Co - Cobalt
• Zn Zinc Ba Barium Cu - Copper
• As Arsenic Ne Neon Y Yttrium
• Important The lst letter of the abbreviation is
  always a capital letter. The second letter is
  always lowercase.

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Terms to Know

• Atom
• An atom is the smallest particle possessing the
  properties of an element.
• Electron
• An electron is a particle possessing negative
  electrical charge Electrons are found within
  atoms.
• Proton
• A proton is a particle possessing positive
  electrical charge protons are found in the
  nucleus of all atoms.
• Neutron
• A neutron is a particle possessing no electrical
  charge neutrons are found in the nucleus of most
  atoms.

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More Terms to Know

• Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with
  differing numbers of neutrons.
• Atomic Mass
• Atomic mass of a particular atom of an element is
  the weighted average of the masses of the
  isotopes of an element.
• Atomic Number
• The atomic number is the number of protons in an
  atom it distinguishes atoms of different
  element.
• Mass number
• The mass number is the total number of protons
  and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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What is The Periodic Table?

• The Periodic Table is an arrangement of chemical
  elements that is the principal tool for thinking
  about elements and the properties associated with
  them.
• The rows in a table are arranged by increasing
  atomic number of the elements.
• The columns are arranged in groups or families
  of elements having similar chemical
  characteristics.
• It is important to remember that
• rows go across - also called horizontal.
• columns go up and down also called vertical.

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These are two reasons why The Periodic Table is
important.

• The Periodic Table organizes lots of information
  about all the known elements easily.
• It is also the most useful tool to a chemist AND
  CHEMISTRY STUDENTS!

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Dimitri Mendeleev is known as The Father of the
Periodic Table!

• When Mendeleeev placed elements in his
• Periodic Table, he had all elements arranged in
  order of increasing relative atomic weight.
• However, in the modern Periodic Table, the
  elements are placed in order of the number of
  protons in the nucleus.
• Other organizational systems exist, but
  Mendeleevs table is the most widely used.

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About the current Periodic Table

• The chemical elements are put in rows by
  increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!
• The horizontal rows (going across) are called
  periods and are labeled from 1 to 7.
• The vertical columns (going up and down) are
  called groups (families) and are labeled from 1
  to 18.
• On the periodic table, metals fill the left,
  center, and part of the right-hand side of the
  chart. Thus it should not come as a surprise that
  most elements (87, in fact) are metals.

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Metals Nonmetals

• Pure metals are typically shiny and malleable.
• ex. gold, silver,copper, tin, zinc, lead.
• Nonmetals in their elemental form are usually
  gases or solids.
• ex. Boron, carbon as diamond, yellow sulfur.
• Nonmetallic elements combine with metallic
  elements to form salts.
• Nonmetallic elements combine with each other to
  form compounds.

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Answer the questions on your worksheet about The
Periodic Table.
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Click on the link below.

• Chemical Elements
• Choose one of the chemical elements and click on
  it. Answer the questions on your worksheet about
  the element you chose.

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Periods

• PERIODS
• Even though they skip some squares in between,
  all of the rows go left to right. When you look
  at a periodic table, each of the rows is
  considered to be a different period. In the
  periodic table, elements have something in common
  if they are in the same row. All of the elements
  in a period have the same number of atomic
  orbitals. Every element in the top row (the first
  period) has one orbital for its electrons. All of
  the elements in the second row (the second
  period) have two orbitals for their electrons. It
  goes down the periodic table like that. At this
  time, the maximum number of electron orbitals or
  electron shells for any element is seven.

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Groups/Families

• GROUPS/FAMILIES
• Now you know about periods. The periodic table
  has a special name for its columns, too. When a
  column goes from top to bottom, it's called a
  group. The elements in a group have the same
  number of electrons in their outer orbital. Every
  element in the first column (group one) has one
  electron in its outer shell. Every element on the
  second column (group two) has two electrons in
  the outer shell. As you keep counting the
  columns, you'll know how many electrons are in
  the outer shell. There are some exceptions to the
  order when you look at the transition elements,
  but you get the general idea.

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Two at the Top

• TWO AT THE TOP
• Hydrogen and helium are special elements.
• To scientists, hydrogen is sometimes missing an
  electron, and sometimes it has an extra.
• Helium is different from all of the other
  elements. It can only have two electrons in its
  outer shell. Even though it only has two, it is
  still grouped with elements that have eight.
  The elements in the center section are called
  transition elements. They have special electron
  rules.

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen in a solid acts as a metal.
• Hydrogen on earth is a diatomic, reactive gas.
• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the
  Hindenberg.
• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel
  source for automobiles

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Group/Family names going across are

• Column1 - Alkali Metals
• Column 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals
• Columns 3 -12 - Transitional Metals
• Column 13 Boron
• Column 14 Carbon
• Column 15 - Nitrogen
• Column 16 - Oxygen
• Column 17 - Halogens
• Column 18 - Noble Gases

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• Now, lets look at the 18 groups/families
• Remember, groups/families
• Go across
• There are 18 groups/families

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Alkali Metals

• 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not
  including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals, always combined with
  something else in nature (like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

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Alkaline Earth Metals

• Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are always combined with
  nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these elements are important mineral
  nutrients (such as Mg and Ca

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Transition Metals The dip!

• Elements in groups 3-12
• Less reactive harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used as metal.

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Boron Family

• Elements in group 13
• Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a
  disposable metal.

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Carbon Family

• Elements in group 14
• Contains elements important to life and
  computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of
  chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium are important
  semiconductors.

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Nitrogen Family

• Elements in group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in
  living things.
• Most of the worlds nitrogen is not available to
  living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens

• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten
  eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

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Halogens

• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined with other element in
  nature .
• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

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The Noble Gases

• Elements in group 18
• VERY nonreactive, monatomic gases
• Used in lighted neon signs
• Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem.
• Have a full valence shell.

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Now, go to the book cart, choose one of the
following elements, and write 5 facts about your
element.

• Radioactive elements Gold Bromine
• Manganese Zinc Iodine
• Cadmium Uranium Nickel
• Hydrogen and the Noble gases Mercury Actinium
• Sodium Aluminum Cobalt
• Potassium Carbon Francium
• Iron Silicon Polonium
• Chromium Nitrogen Potassium
• Calcium Oxygen Zirconium
• Magnesium Sulfur Tin
• Copper Chlorine Zinc
• Silver Fluorine Fluorine
• Nickel Tungsten Boron

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Works Cited

• Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com. Sep. 5, 2006
  lthttp//www.chemicalelements.comgt.
• Chemical Element. Encyclopaedia Britannica
  Online School Edition, 2006. Mayde Creek High
• School Library. Houston, TX. 30 August 2006.
  http//www,school.eb.com.
• Heikkinen, Henry, ed. Chemistry in the Community.
  New York W.H. Freeman, 2002.
• Periodic Table. 28 August 2006. www.nebo.edu.
• Periodic Table. World of Physics. Science
  Resource Center. Thomson Gale. Mayde Creek
• High School Library, Houston, TX. 31 August
  2006. http//galenet.galegroup.com.
• Wilbraham, Antony C., ed. Chemistry. Needham, MA
  Prentice Hall, 2002.

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• The End!
• Compiled by Mrs. Greene
• Mayde Creek High School Librarian
• September 1, 2006