History of Islamic Fundamentalism

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History of Islamic Fundamentalism

• Muslim movement against westernization and
  secularism that supports a return to the values
  of the Quran
• 1928 Muslim Brotherhood
• Egypt
• Hassan al-Banna
• Less than 10 years after fall of the Ottoman
  Empire
• Why hatred toward USA?
• 1952-79 Iran
• 1979-89 Afghanistan
• 88 AL-QAEDA founded
• 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war
• 1991 Iraq invades Kuwait
• US forces sent to Saudi Arabia
• Support of Israel

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Why do they Hate US?

• Westernization
• Imperialism
• US overthrew Iranian elected prime minister in
  1952 and replaced him w/ a king
• Cultural Imperialism
• economic imperialism
• OIL
• Iraqi sanctions/embargo (1990-2002)
• over 1 million dead
• half of them under 5 yrs
• Support of Israel
• 3 billion a year
• uses to fight Palestinians
• Support Saudi Arabia
• continued military bases
• Good vs. Evil

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Why use terrorism?

• The higher the targets profile, the better.
• American Embassies in Africa (Aug. 1988)
• World Trade Center (1993 2001)
• Military targets
• Beirut, Lebanon (1983)
• 241 Marines killed
• Pentagon
• US naval ships (USS COLE in Oct. 2000)
• Guerilla Warfare
• Desire to wound a more powerful foe.
• You may be more powerful, but you can still bleed
• About sending a message!!

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JIHAD Holy War??!

• Terrorism Uses violence to achieve a political
  or religious end
• Terrorist Someone who performs acts of
  terrorism.
• State Sponsored v. groups/individuals
• Jihad Striving or Struggling in the Way of God
  (Muslims should try to strive to know and do the
  will of God)
• Greater Jihad Struggle with yourself to do what
  is right.
• Lesser Jihad Outward defense of Islam.

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TERRORIST OR FREEDOM FIGHTER??
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Those that are willing to give up their
liberties for temporary security, deserve
neither. Benjamin Franklin
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CAUSES OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (1979)

• 53 US-CIA w/UK overthrew democratically elected
  Mu. Mossedegh
• Shah was SECULAR
• Westernization
• Social programs failed
• Opposed to Iran/US alliance
• Corrupt govt
• SAVAK Irans secret police oppressed opposition

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EFFECTS OF IRANIAN REVOLTION

• led by Grand Ayatollah Khomeini
• Theocracy created
• Shariah law implemented
• Muslim traditions enforced
• Nationalized all foreign owned businesses OIL
• Iran-Iraq War 80-88
• Shah of Iran fled to US
• American Hostage Crisis
• American Embassy seized
• 52 Americans taken hostage
• crisis lasted 444 days

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SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (1979-89)

• Communist govt comes to power in Afghanistan
• Cold War tensions arise
• Soviets support new govt
• thus invade
• US supports Afghan rebels
• supplied STINGER missiles
• trained Afghan rebels in Pakistan
• mujahedeen holy warriors
• Osama bin-Laden
• becomes Al-Qaeda
• Civil war begins btwn opposing Afghan groups
• Taliban are the victors

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IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-88)

• CAUSES
• 1980 Iraq invaded Iran
• seized the Shatt al-Arab waterway
• key access to the Persian Gulf
• attempt to end Iranian support of Shiite Muslims
  that live in southern Iraq

• EFFECTS
• Over a million killed
• mined t/ Persian Gulf
• Tanker Wars
• economic collapse
• no winner

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Who is shaking hands with Saddam Hussein?
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PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991)
Persian Gulf sits atop the worlds largest known
oil reserve.

• EFFECTS
• US/UN led COALITION
• DESERT STORM
• trade embargo against Iraq
• in place until US invasion 03
• bombing campaign
• _at_ 100,000 Iraqi soldiers killed
• Iraq sends SCUD missiles against Israel
• Iraq easily defeated
• retreating soldiers set fires to Kuwaiti oil
  wells
• Continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia

• CAUSES
• Iraq in debt due to Iran-Iraq War
• 2 Aug 90 Iraq invaded Kuwait
• claims Kuwait as province of Iraq
• access to oil fields
• greater ACCESS t/t Persian Gulf

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Iraqs No Fly Zones
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Islamic Fundamentalism What should we do about
it??

• Remove all American military forces from the
  Arabian Peninsula.
• Remain in Iraq to develop democracy as a model
  for other Muslim countries.
• Pressure Muslim countries to close religious
  schools that preach hatred.
• Provide foreign aid to Muslim countries in order
  to reduce unemployment and poverty.
• Give foreign aid to countries that curb
  Islamists.
• Work to achieve security and justice for Israel
  and Palestine.
• Capture, try, and (if convicted) execute Osama
  bin-Laden.
• Lessen our dependence on MidEast oil.
• How to deal w/ the Causes?? Effects??

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Anti-IsraelIslamic Fundamentalist Groups

• Goal the destruction o/t state of Israel
• Reside in West Bank Gaza
• Build schools, clinics, roads, etc
• Political parties
• HAMAS Islamic Resistance Movement
• Leading political party in Gaza Strip
• Sunni
• Islamic Jihad
• Sunni
• Hizbullah Party of God
• Southern Lebanon
• Shiite Muslims