America Becomes A Colonial Power

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Essential QuestionWhy did America join the
imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
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America Becomes an Imperial Power
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Foreign Policy in the Gilded Age 18801890

• Population growing _at_ 50 million (1880)
• Industry 2 in the world (UK 1)
• America turned their attention inward after 1860
  
• Navy was small and inadequate
• State Dept. was on the sidelines as Congress
  controlled the country
• However U.S. was beginning to out-grow its
  borders
• The West was closed off (Turner Thesis) so now
  what?
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• American diplomacy in these years has been
  characterized as a series of incidents, not the
  pursuit of foreign policy.

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Alaska
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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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WHY did the U.S. buy Alaska??

• Alaska had been settled by Russian fur traders in
  the late 1700s, but by 1867 fur sources were
  becoming scarce.
• In addition, Russia was struggling to recover
  from the Crimean War. As a result, Russia offered
  to sell Alaska to the United States.
• Overcoming strong opposition from Congress,
  Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska
  for 7.2 million in 1867.
• Critics scoffed at Sewards Folly, thinking
  that the territory was a frozen wasteland. But
  after gold and oil were discovered, Americans
  appreciated the bargain. Seward also acquired the
  Midway Islands that same year.

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Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
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Case StudyHawaii and Gilded Age Expansionism

• 1870s American businessmen invested in
  Hawaiian sugar
• 1875 the sale of Hawaiian sugar in the U.S.
  became duty-free.
• Over the years American businessmen increased
  their investments and control over the Hawaiian
  economy.
• 1887 Hawaiians forced to sign the Bayonet
  Constitution
• a) forced King Kalakaua to change the Hawaiian
  constitution only allowing wealthy (American!)
  landowners voting rights
• b) allowed for the construction of Pearl Harbor
• - to protect American businessmen and their
  business interests.
• 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free
  Hawaiian sugar, thus creating
  more competition for sugar in
  the American market . . . And Americans in
  Hawaii were NOT happy . . .
  

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U. S. View of Hawaiians
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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The Hawaiian Republic

• 1893 Sugar planters, already upset at the
  tariff, revolted against the Queen when she
  suggested drafting a new constitution that would
  take voting rights away from America.
• USS Boston sailed into Honolulu Marines on shore
  to protect American interests.
• US took control of the government and sets up a
  provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole.
• Stevens immediately recognized Doles government
  and sent it to Washington asking to annex the
  island.
• Cleveland said no to annexation, but recognized
  Republic of Hawaii.
• 1898 McKinley ? Hawaii becomes a territory

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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
Sanford B. Dole
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1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan -- The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
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3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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5. Closing the American Frontier
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Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis
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Cuba
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba

• Since the 1860s, Cuba sought independence from
  Spain
• 1895 Jose Marti began a guerilla war rebellion
  to obtain Cuba independence from Spain.
• Valeriano Weyler (Span. Com.) adopted a round
  then up (concentration camp) style response.

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Valeriano The Butcher Weylers Reconcentration
Policy
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Causes of The Spanish- American War
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1. Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer New York World
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish the
pictures, and Ill furnish the war!

• Pres. McKinley was more concerned about the
  disruption of business and called for the war to
  end in Cuba immediately or else.
• Jingoismextreme nationalism marked by a
  belligerent foreign policy.

William Randolph Hearst New York Journal
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2. De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd!

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3. Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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The Spanish-American WarCauses

• 3) The USS Maine Explodes
• 260 seamen dead
• McKinley now had to look at war as a possibility
• Tried to negotiate with Spain, but they rejected
  the peace offering
• War hawks in Congress pushed for war
• McKinley reluctantly went to war eventually saw
  it as an opportunity for American expansion

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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But first . . .
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The Philippines
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War

• BEFORE TR headed to Cuba, he gave orders to
  attack Philippines.
• U.S. destroyed Spanish fleet in a matter of
  hours.
• Dewey received help on the mainland from rebel
  leader Emilio Aguinaldo.

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Dewey Captures Manila!
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Meanwhile . . .the War in Cuba

• U.S. issued Teller Amendment promised to allow
  Cuba to govern itself once freed from Spain.
• Wool uniforms and mess kits from Civil War slowed
  efforts!
• Rough Riders (on foot) charged San Juan Hill.
• In less than 4 months, Spain was defeated.

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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• U.S. agreed to pay 20 million for Philippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
• 
  

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Annexing the Philippines

• Having been promised independence for fighting
  alongside the Americans against Spain, Filipinos
  expected independence.

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Is He To Be a Despot?
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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

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The Philippines

• US refused to acknowledge the Filipino request
  for independence.
• Feeling betrayed, Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino
  rebels enter a war against the U.S.
• Jan. 1899 Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines
  independent?
• Philippine-American War (18991902) U.S.
  deaths 4,200
• Filipino deaths 20,000
• Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some
  brutal tactics by both sides.

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Taft (governor-general) promised indep. and high
degree of self-rule.
The Philippines would not be granted independence
until 1946.
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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.

Senator Orville Platt
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Our Sphere of Influence
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America as a Pacific Power
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That damned cowboy is in the White House!!!
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Panama
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The Background Story
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• How Did Panama Become Independent?
• In 1903, French canal builders agreed to sell
  their holdings/materials in their bankrupt Panama
  company to the United States for 40 millionbut
  the U.S. still needed the rights from Colombia.
• Colombia (of which Panama was a province),
  rejected the U.S. treaty offer of 10 million
  250,000 yearly.
• Unwilling to give up . . . and recognizing
  Panamas desire for independence (there was a
  small, established movement for independence),
  the United States (TR) quietly encouraged Panama
  to rebel.
• The ensuing four-hour revolution,
  under the watchful eye of two U.S.
  gunboats, created the Republic of
  Panama.
• A few days later, the United States and
  Panama signed a treaty to build the
  canal.. .
• I took the Isthmus, started the canal and
  then left Congress not to debate the
  canal, but to debate me." --Theodore
  Roosevelt

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Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as
elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by
some civilized nation, and in the Western
Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to
the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States,
however reluctantly, . . . to the exercise of an
international police power.
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U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
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America's New Role
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The Cares of a Growing Family
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Constable of the World
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The Great White Fleet 1907
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Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
• Spread democracy.
• Condemn colonialism, but . . .

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Uncle Sam One of the Boys?