The Cold War: A Global Struggle

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The Cold War A Global Struggle

• Two Superpowers Emerge after WWII
• United States
• Soviet Union
• Superpower a country that is a world leader in
  many areas and has multiple influences throughout
  the world.
• The nation of Israel was also established after
  WWII.
• After Yalta Conference, there was an agreement to
  govern Germany jointly.
• Divided Germany into four occupational zones-
  France, Great Britain, United States, and Russia

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The Cold War Origins

• The Cold War set the framework for 45 years after
  the end of World War II.
• Influenced American domestic politics, foreign
  affairs, and the role of the government in the
  economy after 1945
• The Cold War A fight between democracy and
  communism
• American western nations belief in democracy,
  individual freedom and a market economy
• Soviet belief in a totalitarian state and
  socialism.
• Totalitarian Government A highly centralized
  government that does not allow opposition and
  maintains total control.

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High Tension Times
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Europe and The United States

• The end of World War II found Soviet forces
  occupying most of Eastern and Central Europe and
  the eastern portion of Germany.
• Germany partitioned into East and West Germany.
• Caused a lack of political, social and economic
  unity
• West Germany became democratic and resumed
  self-government after a few years of American,
  British, and French occupation.
• East Germany remained under the domination of
  the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic
  institutions.

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• Joseph Stalin believed that the people of
  Eastern Europe could have democracy, only after
  they had been taught the principles of socialism.
• Socialism goal in which property and the
  distribution of wealth are subject to control by
  the community for the purposes of increasing
  social and economic equality and cooperation.
• Joseph McCarthy U.S. Senator from Wisconsin.
• McCarthyism theory that many Americans were
  involved with the Communist Party
• Used scare tactics to promote anti-communist ideas

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The Red Scare

• McCarthyism- Joseph McCarthy- and others charged
  conspiracy theories against people involved with
  the Communist party. (Red Scare)
• Heightened fears of communist influence on
  American institutions and espionage by Soviet
  agents.
• Thousands of Americans were accused of being
  Communists or communist sympathizers
• Subject of aggressive investigations and
  questioning before government
• Most investigations led by Joseph McCarthy
• Primary targets---government employees, those in
  the entertainment industry, educators and union
  activists.

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McCarthyism Continued..

• McCarthyism was a widespread social and cultural
  phenomenon that affected all levels of society.
• Source of a great deal of debate and conflict in
  the United States
• FBI Investigations led by J. Edgar Hoover one of
  the nation's most fervent anti-communists

Sen. McCarthy
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FBI Corruption

• Used illegal undercover operations to harass and
  disrupt Communist and other dissident political
  groups.
• Hoover Becomes Radical
• Hoover frustrated with Supreme Court
• Formed dirty tricks program named COINTELPRO
• Program Actions include planting forged
  documents to create the suspicion that a key
  person was an FBI informer, spreading rumors
  through anonymous letters, leaking information to
  the press.
• COINTELPRO remained in effect until 1971

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The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.George Kennan

• Ideas of Cold War
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Competition for the minds and hearts of Third
  World peoples Communist govt. command economy
  vs. democratic govt. capitalist economy ?
  proxy wars
• Alliance Struggle NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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Post-War Germany
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Truman Doctrine

• Civil War in Greece.
• Turkey under pressure from the USSR for
  concessions in the Dardanelles.
• The U. S. should support free peoples throughout
  the world who were resisting takeovers by armed
  minorities or outside pressuresWe must assist
  free peoples to work out their own destinies in
  their own way.-----President Truman
• The U.S. gave Greece Turkey 400 million in aid.

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The Marshall Plan

• European Recovery Program
• After WWII, Europe was in shambles and in need of
  help.
• The U. S. should provide aid to all European
  nations that need it. This move is not against
  any country or doctrine, but against hunger,
  poverty, desperation, and chaos.---Secretary of
  State, George Marshall
• 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
  extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
  rejected.
• The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe
  decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

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Berlin Blockade and Airlift

• Berlin Blockade- 1948 Soviets blockaded the East
  German border to all land and water traffic into
  Berlin from the WestJune 1948
• Berlin Airlifts- These were provided to bring
  food to the people of West Berlin
• From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British
  planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to
  the residents of West Berlin.
• After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the
  blockade.

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The Nuclear Arms Race

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

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United Nations

• United Nations was formed near the end of World
  War II to create a body for the nations of the
  world to try to prevent future global wars.
• UN would serve as peacekeepers, not war makers

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Key Terms and Ideas of Cold War

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - 1949-
  12 Members- If one nation was attacked the other
  nations would unite with action against the
  aggressor
• Warsaw Pact- - Communist agreement that ensured
  safety of members.
• Market Economy- Economy based on capitalism
  principles performed by democratic allies
• Command Economy- Economy based on government
  control performed by communistic allies
• Welfare System- A state in which the government
  undertakes primary responsibility for the social
  welfare of its citizens
• European Economic Community- Abolition of tariffs
  and import quotas- British was not in group

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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U.S. Involvement in Korea

• The U.S. governments anti-Communist strategy of
  containment in Asia led to Americas involvement
  in Korea. North- Communist South- Democratic
• Containment foreign policy strategy of the
  United States in the early years of the Cold War.
  
• Policy was to stop the domino effect of nations
  moving politically towards Soviet Union-based
  communism, rather than European-American-based
  capitalism.
• Communism ideology that promotes establishment
  of a classless, stateless social organization
  based on common ownership of the means of
  production

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Korean War 1950-1953

• Korean War North Korea (Democratic Peoples
  Republic of Korea, DPRK) vs. South Korea
  (Republic of Korea, ROK)
• A Test of Containment Policy
• Goal of U.S.- avoid communist takeover of South
  Korea.
• U.S. pledged to protect the rights of South
  Koreans and stop communist invaders (North Korea)
• South Korea remains democratic
• Results of Korean War
• North Korean invasion of South Korea ended
• USUN invasion of North Korea repelled
• Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) established,
  little territorial change at the 38th parallel
  border
• Technically war is still going on today