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Manifest Destiny

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Title: Manifest Destiny


1
Manifest Destiny
2
Review
  • Whiskey Rebellion Washington sent in troops to
    put down the rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers
  • National Bank Washington authorized a bank of
    the United States for twenty years

3
  • Enumerated powers powers specifically mentioned
    in the Constitution
  • Implied powers not specifically listed but
    necessary for the government to do its job

4
Executive Departments (Cabinet)
  • Congress accepts three departments
  • Dept. of Foreign Affairs (State)
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Dept. of War (Defense)
  • Henry Knox
  • Department of Treasury
  • Alexander Hamilton

5
French Revolution - 1793
  • French radicals executed the French King and
    declared war on Great Britain
  • According to the Treaty of Paris, America was
    supposed to help France
  • Washington said he was going to stay friendly
    and impartial

6
Jays Treaty - 1794
  • British were seizing American ships that were
    going to or from France
  • Washington sent John Jay to settle the dispute
  • British could seize ships heading to or from
    France
  • British had to give America most-favored nation
    status could not halt or alter trade relations
  • Many Americans were angry! Why?
  • Should Washington pass the treaty?

7
  • Washington passed Jays Treaty

8
Pinckneys Treaty - 1795
  • Spain joined the French Revolution on the side of
    France and feared the U.S. would eventually side
    with Britain
  • Spain offered America the right to use the
    Mississippi River for navigation and use the port
    at New Orleans for trade
  • Why was this a big deal?

9
New territory
  • Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were states
  • Washington sent troops (Anthony Wayne) into
    Native lands to get control of the Ohio region
    (Treaty of Greenville)
  • Should Washington take Native lands?

10
Political Parties
  • Hamiltons National Bank divided Congress
  • Hamiltons supporters Federalists
  • Strong national government
  • Distrust in the capability of the people
  • National wealth and power depended on
    manufacturing and trade
  • Jefferson and Madisons supporters Republicans
  • National wealth and power depended on the farmers
  • Did not want division between the rich and the
    poor
  • Wanted more states rights

11
Farewell Address
  • Warned of
  • The danger of political parties
  • Not separating church and state
  • Not making foreign alliances

12
Presidential Report Card
  • List 10 qualifications that you look for in a
    president (what makes a good leader?)
  • Under each qualification, put a BRIEF description
    of what you expect
  • Put them on a scale of 1 5 (5 being perfect)
  • Once you are finished, rate Washington on your
    report card

13
EXAMPLE
Trait 1 2 3 4 5
Funny - knows how to lighten the mood
Smart knows his US history
Happy always has a smile on his face
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
14
Election of 1796
  • Federalists John Adams
  • Republicans Thomas Jefferson
  • Electoral College voted Adams 71 to Jefferson 68

15
XYZ Affair
  • France began stopping and seizing American ships
    that were headed to Britain
  • The Federalists began demanding a declaration of
    war against France

16
XYZ Affair
  • President Adams sent Charles Pinckney, Elbridge
    Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate with France
  • France demanded a bribe of 250,000 before they
    would talk to the Americans

17
XYZ Affair
  • 1798 America suspended trade with France and
    began capturing armed French ships at sea
  • This soon became known as the Quasi-War
    undeclared French/American War at sea
  • Convention of 1800 France would let US out of
    the Treaty of Paris and America would not ask for
    money to pay for French damage

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19
Vocab
  • Alien people who are living in the country who
    are not citizens
  • Sedition incitement of rebellion

20
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1798)
Issue Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Economy? Manufacturing Agrarian (farming)
National Bank? Bank (helps manufacturing) No Bank (too much federal power)
Interpret Constitution? Broadly (is it expressly forbidden?) Strictly (is it expressly permitted?)
Balance of Power? National Authority States Rights
Foreign Policy? Pro-British Pro-French
21
  • The United States . . . were threatened with
    actual invasion . . . and had then, within the
    bosom of the country, thousands of aliens, who,
    we doubt not, were ready to cooperate in any
    external attack.

22
Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Naturalization Act To be eligible for citizenship, an alien must prove 14 years of residence within the United States (previously 5 years).
Alien Act President may deport any alien he views as dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S. No trial or evidence required. No defense.
Alien Enemies Act President may, in case of war, deport aliens of an enemy country or impose severe restraints on them.
23
Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Sedition Act Illegal to conspire to oppose any measure or to impede the operation of any law of the United States. 2) Illegal for any person to write print or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writing . . . . against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress . . . or the President . . . with intent to defame or to bring them into contempt or disrepute or to excite against them the hatred of the good people of the United States.
24
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - 1798
  • Secretly written by Jefferson and Madison
  • Said that the states created the Constitution and
    could declare federal laws unconstitutional
  • Argued
  • Interposition stop anything the federal
    government does that is illegal before it affects
    the people
  • Nullification states had the right to declare
    unconstitutional laws invalid

25
Thomas Jefferson
  • Revolution of 1800 had Washington and Adams
    been too much like royalty?
  • Wanted to go back to the idea of a small
    government

26
  • Jefferson
  • Began paying off national debt
  • Cut government spending
  • Killed whiskey tax
  • Wanted militias instead of armies

27
The Supreme Court
  • Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 federal judges
  • Adams midnight judges
  • Jefferson repealed the act and removed Adams
    judges from office

28
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
  • Adams (before leaving office) appointed John
    Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
  • Also, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice
    of the peace in D.C.
  • Jefferson told Secretary of State James Madison
    to hold the appointment in hopes that Marbury
    would quit

29
  • Marshall and the Supreme Court agreed that it was
    not their place to intervene (it was not
    constitutional)
  • Set up judicial review Supreme Court could
    decide whether or not laws passed by Congress
    were constitutional or not and strike down those
    that were not

30
  • A growing country meant a growing population
  • Did this mean that there was a need for more
    land?
  • In 1800, Napoleon convinced Spain to give
    Louisiana back to France (control of the lower
    Mississippi River)
  • Why was Jefferson worried?

31
  • Robert Livingston was sent to negotiate with
    Napoleon, and Napoleon agreed to sell the
    Louisiana territory (and New Orleans) to America
  • Why in the world would he do that?

32
  • This became known as the Louisiana Purchase - 15
    million and doubled the size of the United States

33
1804 Lewis and Clark
  • Congress and Jefferson approved the Corps of
    Discovery
  • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
  • Goal trace the Missouri River and find a route
    to the Pacific Ocean

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37
  • Sacagawea pregnant Shoshone guide for the
    expedition
  • Her life before and after the expedition are
    mainly myth

38
  • Lewis and Clark
  • Expedition lasted a little over 2 1/2 years
    (coast to coast and back)
  • Mapped the new Louisiana Territory
  • Claimed the Oregon Territory for the United
    States
  • Detailed journals of the land, the weather, the
    plants, and the animals

39
  • Federalists were not happy about the Louisiana
    Purchase because they said this would eventually
    take power away from the original states.

40
  • Aaron Burr was the vice-president under Jefferson
    and was nominated to run for governor of New York
    to make sure the balance of power stayed with the
    original states.

41
  • Alexander Hamilton said that Burr was a
    dangerous man, and one that ought not to be
    trusted with the reins of government

42
  • Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
  • 1804 Burr shot and killed Hamilton (who refused
    to fire)

43
Britain and France at war
  • America was caught in the middle because of trade
    restrictions
  • British sailors were disserting and catching
    American ships

44
  • Impressment forced into military service
    (similar to the draft)
  • Britain was forcing sailors into the Navy and
    would search for them on American ships
    (sometimes captured)
  • Three American sailors would be killed, causing
    an American uproar

45
  • Jefferson would place an embargo (ban on trade
    with other countries) on Europe
  • Embargo Act of 1807
  • Repealed one year later
  • Hurt US more than France or Britain

46
  • Jefferson stepped down after 2 terms
  • James Madison easily beat Charles Pinckney as the
    4th president of the United States

47
  • To stop the British from seizing American ships,
    Madison passed the Non-Intercourse Act forbade
    trade with France and Britain
  • Failed miserably

48
  • The United States eventually began trading with
    the French but refused to buy British goods
  • Hurt British economy

49
  • Should the United States get involved in the war
    between the British and the French?
  • If yes, on what side?

50
War of 1812
  • Many supporters of war with Britain became known
    as War Hawks (mainly from South and West)
  • Henry Clay
  • John C. Calhoun
  • Felix Grundy
  • Why? Restrictions had hurt American planters and
    some claimed that the British were supporting a
    Native uprising

51
  • Natives were not getting aide from Britain, but
    they were angry about the increased invasion of
    their land.
  • Tecumseh (Shawnee) was the Natives to unite to
    protect their lands worked with The Prophet

52
  • Governor of Indiana territory, William Henry
    Harrison, wanted to stop the defense immediately
  • Became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe
  • ¼ of Harrisons men dead or wounded
  • Killed confidence of many Natives and many fled
    to Canada

53
  • The Bank of the United States had been shut down
  • Many Americans did not support the war (called it
    Mr. Madisons War)
  • Madison approved the invasion of Canada to fight
    the British

54
  • 1812 - An American 3-sided attack failed
    miserably with the help of non-willing troops
  • 1813 Americans won the Battle at Lake Erie
  • 1813 Americans lost the Battle of Stony Creek
  • Americans had not conquered any territory in
    Canada

55
  • 1814 Napoleon empire collapses and Britain can
    focus full attention on America
  • Washington D.C. British burn the White House
    and Capitol
  • Fort McHenry British not as successful, had to
    flee
  • September 11, 1814 Americans defeat British at
    the Battle of Lake Champlain

56
the Star-Spangled Banner
  • Written by Francis Scott Key after the Battle of
    Fort McHenry
  • Original lyrics
  • Current lyrics

57
  • Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson and cotton
    bales win the battle?
  • Nationalism soared
  • Federalists fall
  • Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war and
    created an American/Canadian border
  • America recognized around the world

58
  • The 2nd Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816
    by John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel
    Webster
  • Tariff of 1816 Britain was sending goods to the
    U.S. for cheap prices, making some American
    businesses suffer
  • This tariff charged a tax on imports, making
    their price go up made more people willing to
    buy American goods

59
James Monroe
  • Elected in 1817
  • Presidency would become known as the Era of Good
    Feelings
  • Republicans start agreeing with the concept of a
    strong national government

60
  • Martin v. Hunters Lessee the Supreme Court had
    the authority to hear the appeals of state courts
  • McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland wanted to tax
    the national bank and asked whether or not the
    national bank was constitutional
  • What do you think?

61
  • Decision The federal government is responsible
    for collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating
    money, regulating commerce, and raising armies
    and navies
  • The National Bank makes that possible
  • Taxing the National Bank was unconstitutional

62
  • Gibbons v. Ogden gave the Congress the right to
    control interstate commerce
  • Cohens v. Virginia states gave up soveriegnty
    when they ratified the Constitution and became
    part of the United States
  • Fletcher v. Peck Court could overturn state
    laws if they were unconstitutional

63
Problems with Spain
  • Florida had been an issue with Southern states,
    mainly Georgia
  • Escaped slaves would flee to Florida because
    Americans could not bring them back across lines
  • Natives (mainly Seminoles) would live in Florida
    and stage raids on South Georgia

64
  • 1818 Andrew Jackson was sent into Florida
  • He destroyed villages, seized settlements, and
    overthrew the Spanish governor of Florida
  • Spain demanded punishment for Jackson and Monroe
    agreed
  • However, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
    defended Jackson and said that it was merely the
    result of Spain not being able to keep order in
    Florida

65
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
  • The U.S. got complete control of Florida and the
    western boundary line was defined

66
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
  • U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs
    of European countries or independent countries in
    the Americas
  • Any European interference in America would be
    seen as an unfriendly act
  • European countries could not colonize/claim any
    further territories in the Americas

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70
A New United States
  • Erie Canal 363 mile artificial waterway that
    went from New York City to the Great Lakes

71
  • National Road 620 mile road that the Potomac
    and Ohio Rivers

72
  • 1807 Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston invent
    the steamboat

73
  • Peter Cooper built an American version of a
    British invention, the railroad
  • Devils invention or iron horse?

74
  • American System National Bank, protective
    tariffs, and national improvements

75
The Industrial Revolution
  • Free enterprise open competition
  • How can you make products cheaper, faster, and
    more efficiently
  • Started in the Northeast

76
  • Francis Lowell cotton mills
  • Eli Whitney interchangeable parts
  • Samuel F.B. Morse morse code/telegraph

77
  • Cities began to get larger and larger
  • Labor unions began to rise, pushing for higher
    wages and 10-hour workdays
  • Use strikes to achieve their goals

78
  • The North focused on industrialization and
    manufacturing
  • The South focused on agriculture and slavery
  • Became known as the land of cotton
  • Eli Whitney invented a machine that would take
    the seeds out of cotton the cotton gin

79
Slavery
  • Slave codes slaves could not
  • Own property
  • Leaving owners property without permission
  • Possess a firearm
  • Testify against a white person in court
  • Learn to read or write
  • CONSIDERED PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE

80
  • In 1819, there were 11 slave states and 11 free
    states
  • Missouri Compromise Missouri would enter the
    Union as a slave state if Maine entered as a free
    state

81
Election of 1824
  • Henry Clay
  • Andrew Jackson
  • John Quincy Adams
  • William Crawford
  • Jackson got the most popular votes but no one got
    the majority in the electoral college

82
  • The House of Representatives would choose John
    Quincy Adams to be the next president
  • Jackson accused Adams of being corrupt and
    created a political party known as the
    Democratic-Republicans, later shortened to the
    Democrats

83
  • The resistance would continue throughout the
    presidency
  • 1828 Election came down to Adams v. Jackson
    not a classy election attacked each others
    personal decisions and morals

84
  • Jackson would clearly win the election and be
    referred to as Old Hickory

85
1828 Jackson Elected President
  • Peoples President
  • Old Hickory

86
The Peoples President
  • Orphaned young
  • Tennessees first Representative in Congress
  • Hero in War of 1812
  • Invaded Florida

87
Jacksonian Democracy
  • More and more Americans began to vote in
    elections
  • Who was allowed to vote prior to the 1800s?
  • How do you think it changed around 1828?

88
Jacksonian Democracy
  • Became known for using the spoils system
    appointing people to government jobs on the basis
    of party loyalty and support (rewarding your
    friends)

89
Jacksonian Democracy
  • Changed the concept of the election system
  • Originally had the caucus system members of
    Congress chose presidential nominees
  • Changed to having state delegates choose the
    presidential nominees
  • Is this more fair?

90
The Nullification Crisis
  • Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Ambitions or Tariff of
    Abominations) tax on goods from England, which
    the South was the main region buying from England
  • South Carolina wanted to secede from the Union
  • Vice President John C. Calhoun offered a
    different idea to keep them from pulling away
    from the Union

91
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92
The Nullification Crisis
  • Calhoun proposed the idea of nullification
    declaring a federal law null and void
  • Jackson said that he would let nothing divide the
    Union under his presidency and lowered the tariff
    drastically
  • South Carolina still claimed nullification and
    Jackson claimed that South Carolina was guilty of
    treason

93
The Nullification Crisis
  • Jackson sent the military into South Carolina
  • Senator Henry Clay agreed to gradually lower the
    tax over a few years
  • Both sides claimed victory! Who won?

94
1830 Indian Removal Act
  • Goal move Natives out into the mostly
    unoccupied Great Plains area
  • Most complied with the request except for the
    Cherokee Indians from the Georgia/Alabama area
  • They took it to the Supreme Court (Worcester v.
    Georgia) and they said Native properties must be
    honored
  • Who was the Supreme Court Justice?
  • What do you think Jackson will do?

95
1830 Indian Removal Act
  • Their resistance will be successful until Martin
    van Buren takes over the presidency and sends the
    military in to force them out west (Oklahoma)
  • 4,000 Natives would die either before or during
    the trip
  • Known as the Trail of Tears

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97
National Bank
  • Jackson was re-elected in 1832
  • Said that the National Bank was unconstitutional
    and refused to follow the Supreme Court decision
    in McColluch v. Maryland
  • Jackson would eventually pull the money out of
    the Bank of the United States and put it in the
    state banks, forcing the National Bank to close
    completely

98
Whig Party
  • Wanted a larger federal government

99
  • Democrat Martin van Buren won the presidency in
    1836
  • Trail of Tears
  • Panic of 1837 banks and businesses failed,
    farmers lost work, unemployment went up
  • What should van Buren do?

100
  • The Whig party nominated General William Henry
    Harrison as the presidential candidate with John
    Tyler as VP
  • Tippecanoe and Tyler too
  • Harrison easily beat van Buren (234-60 electoral)

101
  • Harrison gave his 2-hour inaugural address about
    changing the nation
  • The speech was given outside in freezing
    temperatures he didnt wear a hat or coat
  • Harrison died (of pneumonia) 32 days after
    becoming president

102
President John Tyler
  • Called his Accidency
  • Major accomplishment created a boundary between
    the United States and Canada

103
A New Culture
  • Second Great Awakening
  • Methodists
  • Baptists
  • Presbyterians
  • Rise of the Mormons
  • Joseph Smith
  • Brigham Young

104
New Literature
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Henry David Thoreau
  • James Fenimore Cooper
  • Nathanial Hawthorne
  • Herman Melville
  • Edgar Allan Poe
  • Walt Whitman
  • Emily Dickinson

105
  • The Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
  • Rise of Nativism
  • Newspapers and the penny press

106
Forever Changing Society
  • Prisons
  • It would not be until the 1830s that prisons were
    kept in buildings like you would see today.
  • Addition of solitary confinement and work crews
  • Dorothea Dix prison reform for the mentally ill

107
Temperance Movement
  • ________________ moderation in the consumption
    of alcohol
  • At this time, allowance/banning of alcohol was on
    a state by state basis.
  • This will begin in the 1830s because of the
    revived focus on God, but it will make its mark
    in the 1880s following the Civil War.

108
Education
  • Horace Mann school reform, everything from
    building schools to raising salaries
  • First mandatory attendance law 1852
  • What do you think were the differences between
    the boys and girls schools?

109
Women
  • 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Seneca Falls Convention We hold these truths
    to be self-evident that all men and women are
    created equal.
  • Wanted abolition
  • Wanted __________________ seen as being worse
    than abolition.

110
Slavery
  • Gradualism ___________________________
  • Colonization __________________________
  • Abolition _____________________________
  • Which is better?

111
Slavery
  • William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator
  • "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with
    moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not
    equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not
    retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.
  • Called for the immediate freeing of all enslaved
    people, which is called ______________________.

112
Slavery
  • ____________________ - escaped slave that wrote
    the North Star.
  • ____________________ - freed slave who went on to
    be a powerful speaker

113
  • How did the North feel about abolition?
  • How did the South feel about abolition?

114
Manifest Destiny
  • Manifest destiny the idea that God had given
    the continent to America and wanted them to
    settle western land
  • 1845 John Louis Sullivan
  • Squatters settle on land they did not own
  • Could buy up to 160 acres for 1.25 each

115
  • Jethro Wood iron-blade plow
  • John Deere steel-blade plow
  • Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper
  • John Sutter first to really settle in California

116
  • Oregon Trail
  • California Trail
  • Santa Fe Trail
  • Mormon Trail
  • Donner Party

117
  • Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) eight groups of
    Natives agreed to certain boundaries and the
    government promised not to take it away.. ever

118
  • In the early 1800s, Texas was part of Mexico
    Americans actually immigrated to Mexico
  • Stephen Austin
  • Fredonia
  • 1830 borders close

119
  • Stephen Austin v. President Antonio Lopez de
    Santa Anna
  • Texan army v. Mexican army Come and get it!

120
The Alamo
  • Feb. 1836 The Alamo was an abandoned Catholic
    mission where the rebels had made a station
  • The rebel Texans fought off the Mexican army for
    13 days
  • Formally declared independence from Mexico
  • The Mexican army eventually takes control of the
    Alamo
  • Goliad over 300 Texan rebels were executed for
    treason

121
Battle of San Jacinto
  • Texans (led by Sam Houston) led attack on
    sleeping Mexican army
  • Remember the Alamo and Remember Goliad
  • Mexican army 300 killed, 700 taken captive
    (including Santa Anna)
  • Texan army 9 killed, 34 wounded

122
1836
  • Texas was now the Republic of Texas with Sam
    Houston as president
  • They wanted annexation (become part of the U.S),
    but Jackson did not want North-South tensions or
    war with Mexico
  • Texas was an independent nation

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124
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Issues with Texas
  • Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana territory
    but it was taken away with a treaty
  • Jackson did not want the territory because of
    slavery issues and not wanting a war with Mexico
  • Mexico did not recognize Texas independence
  • Tyler fought to get it added as a slave
    territory. Was NOT re-elected!

125
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Election of 1844
  • Henry Clay add Texas only
  • Martin van Buren not picking a side
  • James K. Polk wanted to add Texas and Oregon to
    the Union and buy California (maintaining balance
    of slave and free states)
  • Who do you think will win?

126
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Polk added Oregon and Texas to the Union of the
    United States
  • Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary line
  • Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of
    California

127
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Polk orders troops into the area of dispute (led
    by General Zachary Taylor)
  • Plan get Mexico to shoot first and claim
    Mexican aggression on American soil
  • Success Taylors men were attacked. Polk
    declared war by the act of Mexico herself
    American blood was shed on American soil

128
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Master plan for war
  • Taylors troops move South close to the Gulf of
    Mexico
  • Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe and
    then take control of California with the help of
    the Navy
  • Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and
    force Mexico to surrender
  • Needed 50,000 troops 75,000 enlisted (not good
    soldiers)

129
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • The first two phases were easily successful (even
    though California was the Bear Flag Republic
    for two weeks
  • Polk now needed to capture Mexico City but he was
    also thinking about re-election

130
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Polk saw General Zachary Taylor as a political
    threat, so he replaced him in the battle by
    General Winfield Scott
  • Scott was successful and the U.S. took control of
    Mexico City

131
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
  • Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles (California,
    Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and
    Wyoming)
  • Rio Grande was the southern border of Texas
  • U.S. paid Mexico 15 million and forgave 3
    million in debt

132
  • Manifest Destiny was now complete the U.S. now
    controlled all territory from east coast to west
    coast
  • Big issue now How would slavery be handled in
    the new territories?

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134
  • Wilmot Proviso in any territory that the U.S.
    gained from Mexico, neither slavery not
    involuntary servitude shall ever exist
  • Opposed by Polk
  • Passed by House of Representatives
  • Tabled by Congress
  • Forced the idea of popular sovereignty each
    state decide whether they want slavery or not

135
Election of 1848
  • Zachary Taylor (Whig)
  • James K. Polk and Lewis Cass (Democrat)
  • Martin van Buren (Free-Soil)
  • Polk drops out after Taylor joins the race and
    had health issues (died three months after term
    was over).
  • The rest of the parties split, so Taylor won the
    election.

136
  • 1849 California Gold Rush (49ers)
  • California applied for statehood that same year.

137
  • California would enter as a free state, making
    slaveholding states a minority
  • Slave states started threatening to secede (leave
    the Union)
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