Title: Bio EOC Cram
1Bio EOC Cram
2Ch 12 - DNA
- Scientists -
- Griffith
- - transformation
- process in which one bacteria takes the
characteristics of another (takes in genes)
3- Avery
- - added enzymes to destroy organic compounds,
but not DNA ? trans. - - added DNA-destroying enzymes ? no trans.
- Therefore, DNA is the transforming factor
4- Hershey and Chase
- - bacteria, viruses, radioactive P S
- - observed which material was injected (DNA)
- - Genetic material DNA
5Structure
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- Made of repeating nucleotides (subunit)
- Nucleotide sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, base
- 4 bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
- A G larger purines
- C T smaller pyrimidines
6- Chargaff (1949) studies ?
- A always same as T
- C always same as G
- - so, _______________
- Chargaffs Rules
7- Franklin (1952) X-ray diffraction
- - showed DNA as a tightly coiled spring helix
- Watson Crick (1953) used Franklins and
Chargaffs info to determine structure - Double helix held together by weak Hydrogen bonds
8DNA Replication
- DNA separates into 2 strands each serving as
template for new strands - Point at which DNA splits Replication Fork
- Enzyme (helicase) breaks H bonds and untwists DNA
- Enzyme (DNA Polymerase) moves complementary
nucleotides in place to bond properly
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10Chapter 13 - RNA
- RNA
- ribonucleic acid
- 3 structural differences b/t DNA RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar deoxyribose Sugar ribose
Base thymine Base uracil
Double helix Single stranded
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12Gene Expression
- Step 1 Transcription
- DNA acts as template to make RNA
- Enzyme - RNA polymerase
- - reads DNA, binds at promoter
- - separates DNA strands
- - reads one side of DNA (template strand)
- - adds complementary RNA nucleotides
13Transcription
14- So, transcription from DNA to RNA
- template of DNA A C G T A T G A T
- RNA
- Where?
- Because?
15Genetic Code
- relationship b/t nucleotides in DNA amino
acids - Every 3 base letters of mRNA stands for an amino
acid codon - START codon AUG
- STOP codons UAA, UAG, UGA
16Codon Table 2
17Translation
18Molecular Biology Dogma
19Mutations
- heritable changes in a gene lead to evolution
- Can be
- - neutral
- - harmful ex. Cancer, sickle cell
- - helpful resistance to poisons, HIV
20Gene Mutations
21Chromosomal Mutations
22Chapter 14
- Pairs 1-22 autosomal chromosomes (autosomes)
- 23rd pair sex chromosomes (determine gender)
- - Male (XY) Female (XX)
23Pedigree
- Chart that shows inheritance of a trait over
several generations
24INHERITANCE PATTERNS
- Complete Dominance
- Codominance
- Incomplete dominance
- Multiple Alleles
- Polygenic
- Environmental Conditions
- X-linked traits
- Sex influenced traits
25MULTIPLE ALLELES TRAIT
- trait controlled by genes that have more than 2
alleles - Any combo of 2 alleles produces different
phenotypes - Ex. Blood types
-
Genotype Phenotype
IAIA or IAIi Type A
IBIB or IBIi Type B
IAIB Type AB
IiIi Type O
26Ch 16 - Evolution
- Darwin -
- Evolution genetic change in a species over time
- Natural Selection the process by which
organisms with variations most suited to their
local environment survive and leave more
offspring.
272 Variation and Adaptation There is variation in
nature, and certain heritable variationscalled
adaptationsincrease an individuals chance of
surviving and reproducing. In this population of
grasshoppers, heritable variation includes yellow
and green body color. Green coloration is an
adaptation Green grasshoppers blend into their
environment and so are less visible to predators.
1 The Struggle for Existence Organisms produce
more offspring than can survive. Grasshoppers can
lay over 200 eggs at a time. Only a small
fraction of these offspring survive to reproduce.
283 Survival of the Fittest Because their green
color serves to camouflage them from predators,
green grasshoppers have a higher fitness than
yellow grasshoppers. This means that green
grasshoppers survive and reproduce more often
than do yellow grasshoppers in this environment.
4 Natural Selection Green grasshoppers become
more common than yellow grasshoppers in this
population over time because (1) more
grasshoppers are born than can survive, (2)
individuals vary in color and color is a
heritable trait, and (3) green individuals have a
higher fitness in their current environment.
29- Lamarck
- - similar species descended from a common
ancestor - - to explain changes, said acquired traits
were passed on to offspring - Acquired traits traits that arose
during lifetime, not determined by genes
30- Artificial selection
- process in which nature provides the
variations, and humans select those they find
useful.
31Evidence for Evolution
- Fossils
- Homologous structures
- Structures shared by related species and
that come from a common ancestor
32- Analogous structures
- Body parts that share common function, but
not structure - ex. Bird wing and bee wing
- Vestigial structures
- inherited from ancestors but has none or
little function - Embryological development
- - similar in vertebrates
33- Genetics
- - DNA sequences shows organisms history
- - closely related organisms will have similar
DNA sequences similar amino acid sequences - All living things follow same genetic code
34Ch 18 Classification
- Systematics science of naming and grouping
organisms - Aristotle B.C. 1st to group living things
- - 2 kingdoms Plant or Animal
35- Carolus Linnaeus 1730s Swedish botanist
- Binomial nomenclature 2 part scientific name
- Scientific name Genus species or Genus species
- Ex. Homo sapien or H. sapien
36- Ex. Carnegiea gigantia
- giant Segauro cactus
- Ex. Permyscus californicus
- common California mouse
- Ex. Nymphea odorata
- fragrant water lily
- Name location, characteristics, scientist
37- Developed hierarchy
- - Kingdom broadest
- - Phylum
- - Class
- - Order
- - Family
- - Genus
- - Species most specific
38- Cladogram diagram that links organisms by
showing how evolutionary lines branched off from
common ancestors - Based on a derived character trait that arose
in the most recent common ancestor and was passed
on
39Six Kingdoms
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Protista
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
40Three Domains
- Domain based on rRNA sequences
- 3 Domains
- - Archae (K. Archaebacteria)
- - Bacteria (K. Eubacteria)
- - Eukarya (K. A, P, F, P)
41Ch 20 Prokaryotes Viruses
- Bacteria
- Domain Archae
- - Kingdom Archaebacteria
- - walls lack peptidoglycan
- - DNA more similar to eukaryotes
- - live in extreme environments
42- Domain Bacteria
- - Kingdom Eubacteria
- - walls with peptidoglycan
- - larger domain
- - found everywhere
43- Eubacteria
- - grouped by 2 things
- 1. shape - bacillus rod
- - coccus spherical
- - spirallus spiral, corkscrew
44- 2. Response to Gram Stain
- - Gram positive purple, retains stain
thicker layer of peptidoglycan - - Gram negative pink, doesnt retain stain
thinner layer of peptidoglycan unaffected by
many antibiotics
45Viruses
- Size - 20nm 250nm
- Some char. of life, not all
- - no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or
membrane - - no cellular functions
- - need a host cell to reproduce
46Structure
- Made of 1. Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
- 2. Protein coat around it
(capsid) - Some also have
- - lipid envelope outside capsid
- helps it infect cell
- - glycoprotein used to attach to host cell
47Viral Replication