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Bio EOC Cram

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Bio EOC Cram Chapters 12-20 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Bio EOC Cram


1
Bio EOC Cram
  • Chapters 12-20

2
Ch 12 - DNA
  • Scientists -
  • Griffith
  • - transformation
  • process in which one bacteria takes the
    characteristics of another (takes in genes)

3
  • Avery
  • - added enzymes to destroy organic compounds,
    but not DNA ? trans.
  • - added DNA-destroying enzymes ? no trans.
  • Therefore, DNA is the transforming factor

4
  • Hershey and Chase
  • - bacteria, viruses, radioactive P S
  • - observed which material was injected (DNA)
  • - Genetic material DNA

5
Structure
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Made of repeating nucleotides (subunit)
  • Nucleotide sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, base
  • 4 bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
  • A G larger purines
  • C T smaller pyrimidines

6
  • Chargaff (1949) studies ?
  • A always same as T
  • C always same as G
  • - so, _______________
  • Chargaffs Rules

7
  • Franklin (1952) X-ray diffraction
  • - showed DNA as a tightly coiled spring helix
  • Watson Crick (1953) used Franklins and
    Chargaffs info to determine structure
  • Double helix held together by weak Hydrogen bonds

8
DNA Replication
  • DNA separates into 2 strands each serving as
    template for new strands
  • Point at which DNA splits Replication Fork
  • Enzyme (helicase) breaks H bonds and untwists DNA
  • Enzyme (DNA Polymerase) moves complementary
    nucleotides in place to bond properly

9
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10
Chapter 13 - RNA
  • RNA
  • ribonucleic acid
  • 3 structural differences b/t DNA RNA

DNA RNA
Sugar deoxyribose Sugar ribose
Base thymine Base uracil
Double helix Single stranded
11
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12
Gene Expression
  • Step 1 Transcription
  • DNA acts as template to make RNA
  • Enzyme - RNA polymerase
  • - reads DNA, binds at promoter
  • - separates DNA strands
  • - reads one side of DNA (template strand)
  • - adds complementary RNA nucleotides

13
Transcription
14
  • So, transcription from DNA to RNA
  • template of DNA A C G T A T G A T
  • RNA
  • Where?
  • Because?

15
Genetic Code
  • relationship b/t nucleotides in DNA amino
    acids
  • Every 3 base letters of mRNA stands for an amino
    acid codon
  • START codon AUG
  • STOP codons UAA, UAG, UGA

16
Codon Table 2
17
Translation
18
Molecular Biology Dogma
  • DNA ? RNA ? Protein

19
Mutations
  • heritable changes in a gene lead to evolution
  • Can be
  • - neutral
  • - harmful ex. Cancer, sickle cell
  • - helpful resistance to poisons, HIV

20
Gene Mutations
21
Chromosomal Mutations
22
Chapter 14
  • Pairs 1-22 autosomal chromosomes (autosomes)
  • 23rd pair sex chromosomes (determine gender)
  • - Male (XY) Female (XX)

23
Pedigree
  • Chart that shows inheritance of a trait over
    several generations

24
INHERITANCE PATTERNS
  • Complete Dominance
  • Codominance
  • Incomplete dominance
  • Multiple Alleles
  • Polygenic
  • Environmental Conditions
  • X-linked traits
  • Sex influenced traits

25
MULTIPLE ALLELES TRAIT
  • trait controlled by genes that have more than 2
    alleles
  • Any combo of 2 alleles produces different
    phenotypes
  • Ex. Blood types

Genotype Phenotype
IAIA or IAIi Type A
IBIB or IBIi Type B
IAIB Type AB
IiIi Type O
26
Ch 16 - Evolution
  • Darwin -
  • Evolution genetic change in a species over time
  • Natural Selection the process by which
    organisms with variations most suited to their
    local environment survive and leave more
    offspring.

27
2 Variation and Adaptation There is variation in
nature, and certain heritable variationscalled
adaptationsincrease an individuals chance of
surviving and reproducing. In this population of
grasshoppers, heritable variation includes yellow
and green body color. Green coloration is an
adaptation Green grasshoppers blend into their
environment and so are less visible to predators.
1 The Struggle for Existence Organisms produce
more offspring than can survive. Grasshoppers can
lay over 200 eggs at a time. Only a small
fraction of these offspring survive to reproduce.
28
3 Survival of the Fittest Because their green
color serves to camouflage them from predators,
green grasshoppers have a higher fitness than
yellow grasshoppers. This means that green
grasshoppers survive and reproduce more often
than do yellow grasshoppers in this environment.
4 Natural Selection Green grasshoppers become
more common than yellow grasshoppers in this
population over time because (1) more
grasshoppers are born than can survive, (2)
individuals vary in color and color is a
heritable trait, and (3) green individuals have a
higher fitness in their current environment.
29
  • Lamarck
  • - similar species descended from a common
    ancestor
  • - to explain changes, said acquired traits
    were passed on to offspring
  • Acquired traits traits that arose
    during lifetime, not determined by genes

30
  • Artificial selection
  • process in which nature provides the
    variations, and humans select those they find
    useful.

31
Evidence for Evolution
  • Fossils
  • Homologous structures
  • Structures shared by related species and
    that come from a common ancestor

32
  • Analogous structures
  • Body parts that share common function, but
    not structure
  • ex. Bird wing and bee wing
  • Vestigial structures
  • inherited from ancestors but has none or
    little function
  • Embryological development
  • - similar in vertebrates

33
  • Genetics
  • - DNA sequences shows organisms history
  • - closely related organisms will have similar
    DNA sequences similar amino acid sequences
  • All living things follow same genetic code

34
Ch 18 Classification
  • Systematics science of naming and grouping
    organisms
  • Aristotle B.C. 1st to group living things
  • - 2 kingdoms Plant or Animal

35
  • Carolus Linnaeus 1730s Swedish botanist
  • Binomial nomenclature 2 part scientific name
  • Scientific name Genus species or Genus species
  • Ex. Homo sapien or H. sapien

36
  • Ex. Carnegiea gigantia
  • giant Segauro cactus
  • Ex. Permyscus californicus
  • common California mouse
  • Ex. Nymphea odorata
  • fragrant water lily
  • Name location, characteristics, scientist

37
  • Developed hierarchy
  • - Kingdom broadest
  • - Phylum
  • - Class
  • - Order
  • - Family
  • - Genus
  • - Species most specific

38
  • Cladogram diagram that links organisms by
    showing how evolutionary lines branched off from
    common ancestors
  • Based on a derived character trait that arose
    in the most recent common ancestor and was passed
    on

39
Six Kingdoms
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria

40
Three Domains
  • Domain based on rRNA sequences
  • 3 Domains
  • - Archae (K. Archaebacteria)
  • - Bacteria (K. Eubacteria)
  • - Eukarya (K. A, P, F, P)

41
Ch 20 Prokaryotes Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Domain Archae
  • - Kingdom Archaebacteria
  • - walls lack peptidoglycan
  • - DNA more similar to eukaryotes
  • - live in extreme environments

42
  • Domain Bacteria
  • - Kingdom Eubacteria
  • - walls with peptidoglycan
  • - larger domain
  • - found everywhere

43
  • Eubacteria
  • - grouped by 2 things
  • 1. shape - bacillus rod
  • - coccus spherical
  • - spirallus spiral, corkscrew

44
  • 2. Response to Gram Stain
  • - Gram positive purple, retains stain
    thicker layer of peptidoglycan
  • - Gram negative pink, doesnt retain stain
    thinner layer of peptidoglycan unaffected by
    many antibiotics

45
Viruses
  • Size - 20nm 250nm
  • Some char. of life, not all
  • - no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or
    membrane
  • - no cellular functions
  • - need a host cell to reproduce

46
Structure
  • Made of 1. Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
  • 2. Protein coat around it
    (capsid)
  • Some also have
  • - lipid envelope outside capsid
  • helps it infect cell
  • - glycoprotein used to attach to host cell

47
Viral Replication
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