CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

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CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES EMERGING AREAS ON THE
BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
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THE CLASSIC WORLD
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NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

• Nomadic peoples
• Pastoral nomads
• Clans from common ancestors, with related
  languages
• Central Asia's steppes
• Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers
• Nomads and their animals few settlements
• Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles
• Lived mostly on animal products
• Produced millet, pottery, leather goods, iron
• Nomads and settled peoples
• A love, hate relationship of war and trade
• Trade, exchange Nomads maintained caravan routes
• Exchanged horses for finished goods including
  silk
• Fluidity of classes, gender in nomadic society
• Two social classes nobles and commoners
• Patriarchal society but women accorded many
  rights, privileges
• Religions
• Mostly shamanistic
• Diviners influence forces of nature, interpret it

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THE NOMADS WORLD
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Central Asia 2000 1000 BCE
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Indo-Europeans

• Obscure pastoral nomads
• Central Eurasian pastoral
• Lived in area around
• Northern Black Sea
• Northern Caspian Sea
• Language
• Is basis of Indo-European languages
• Now spoken on every continent
• Spoken by over ½ of worlds people
• Spread throughout Eurasia
• Left no written records
• Deeds remembered orally and written down later
• Often called chariot peoples
• Migration split culture into different branches
• Hittites were first in Western History

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Proto-Indo-European

• Groups
• Indo-Europeans
• Indo-Iranians
• Indo-Aryans
• Chariot Peoples
• Domesticated horse
• Developed metallurgy technologies
• Created chariots, archery, cavalry
• Herded sheep, horses, cattle

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Indo-European Languages and Groups

• Linguists cannot date divergence of branches
• Vocabulary included
• Mother-Father
• Mutter-Vater (German)
• Matar-Patar (Sanskrit)
• Madre-Padre (Spanish)
• Mater-Pater (Latin)
• God
• Dyas (Sky God Aryans/Sanskrit)
• Zeus (Greek)
• Deus (God Latin)
• Dios, Dieu (God Spanish, French)
• Dream
• Soma God of Dreams, Sanskrit
• Sonar Dream, Spanish
• Fire, Combust
• Agni God of Fire, Sanskrit
• Ignite Explode, combust, English

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First Migrations

• c. 4500 BCE
• First Indo-European cultures north of Caspian Sea
• Sub-division into tribes with distinct cultures
• Early chariots, stone idols, stone circles
• Domestication of the horse
• c. 4000 BCE
• Indo-Europeans bury leaders in artificial hills
  with all belongings
• Anatolian migration begins
• c. 3500 BCE
• Animal husbandry, permanent settlements, hill
  forts
• Subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along
  rivers.
• Beginning of Bronze Age
• c. 3000 BCE
• Indo-Europeans extend across entire steppe north
  of Black Sea to China
• Migration begins into Europe from the Volga to
  the Rhine River
• Rise of distinct, individualized cultures with
  distinct languages
• Anatolian (Hittite) and Tocharian (in Xingjian
  Province)
• Loose contact spreads technology

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• SPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS

Redsettling up to ca. 2500 BCE Orangesettling
up to ca. 1000 BCE

• SPREAD OF THE CHARIOT HORSE

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Break-Up and Spread

• c. 2500 BCE
• Rise of distinct proto-languages due to
  geographic separation and physical geography
• Proto-Greek is spoken in Balkans
• Proto-Indo-Iranian is spoken North of the Caspian
  Sea
• Bronze Age reaches Europe
• c. 2000 BCE
• Chariot is invented in its modern form
• Chariot leads to split, spread of Iranians,
  Indo-Aryans over Central Asia, Northern India,
  Iran
• Anatolian splits into Hittite and lesser
  languages
• c. 1500 BCE
• Proto-Germanic and Proto-Celts emerge in Central
  Europe, Scandinavia
• Proto-Celts become masters of bronze technology
• Proto-Italians migrate into Italian peninsula
• Rise of the Rig Veda and Vedic Culture in the
  Indus-Ganges River Valley
• Mycenaean civilization arises in Peloponnesian
  Peninsula.
• c. 1000 to 500 BCE
• Celts spread throughout Western Europe Germanic
  culture arises in Scandinavia
• Vedic Age gives way to Brahamanism and Upanishads
• Medes and Persians establish Achaeamenid Empire
  in Southwest Asia

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Eurasian Migrations
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Migrations into europe
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Later Migrations

• In Europe
• Celts to Iberia, British Isles c. 750 BCE
• Scythians, Sarmatians c. 500 BCE along Black Sea
• Germans 100 600 CE in Central, Western Europe
• Slavs 300 700 CE from Eastern to SE, Central
  Europe
• Scandinavian (Vikings) 600 900 CE along rivers,
  coasts
• In Central Asia
• Shang to China, c. 1500 BCE
• Bactrians to Persia, Afganistan 250 BCE
• Parthians to Persia 250 BCE
• Tocarians/Kushans to Afghanistan 100 BCE
• Sakas (Indo-Scythians) to Afghanistan, India 100
  CE

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Scythians Sarmatians
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THE CELTS

• Celts
• History
• Arose in Alps, Central Europe 1200 BCE
• Settled in France, Spain, Britain, Ireland
• Migrated into Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey
  around 1000 BCE
• Pauls Letter to the Galatians Celt tribe of
  Turkey
• Strong tradition of warfare, raids
• Civilization at Ancient Bronze Age similar to
  Mycenae Greece
• Some cities but generally fortified hill sites
• Grew wheat and barley and kept sheep, cattle and
  some pigs
• Developed crafts, strong artistic tradition
  pottery
• Controlled salt deposits as source of trade
• Strong trade with Mediterranean, Greeks,
  Etruscans
• Developed Iron technologies around 1000 BCE
• Structures and hierarchies
• Organized into clans, tribes ruled by kings and
  druids
• Polytheistic, deified nature priests druids
• Strong tradition of bards, story tellers,
  ballads, heroes, saints
• Rome and the Celts

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Celtic Migrations
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CELTIC WORLD
CELTS BECAME Treveri Helveti Parisi Veneti Regni
Iceni Caledones Celtiberi AND LATER Irish Welsh
Scots Britons Cornish Manx
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THE GERMANS

• Early Bronze Age History
• Original Homeland Sweden
• Migrated into Germany, Denmark
• Sometimes allies, slaves of Celts
• later established independence of Celts
• Settled 2/3 of Europe
• Eastern Europe, Central Europe, steppes of
  Ukraine
• Pushed up to Rhine, Danube border
• Germans and Romans
• With defeat of Celts, Germans became threat to
  Rome
• Germans were stronger than Celts, defied Romans
• In 1st century, defeated Romans, remained
  independent
• Romans erected elaborate defense systems against
  Germans
• Late 3rd century Germans become Roman
  mercenaries
• Late 4th century Germans allowed to settle in
  Roman empire
• Society
• Agrarian society small villages, fortified
  areas some trade
• Strong tribes, loyalty to warlords raiding very
  important
• Two classes nobility and commoners both owned
  land

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THE GERMAN WORLD
Teutons Became Goths Visigoths Ostrogoths Vandals
Franks Burgundians Suevi Alans Angles Saxons Jutes
Lombards Norsemen Germans Austrian Dutch Flemish
English Swiss Swedes Danes Norwegians Icelanders
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Germanic MigrationsThe Volkerwanderung
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THE EARLY SLAVIC MIGRATIONS
Slavs were Originally Part of the
German World. The tribes were allied. When
the Germans Moved West, Slavs Were ruled First
by Huns and Later Independent. They filled Hun
and German vacuum.
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Slavic Migrations

• Homeland Pripet Marshes (Belarus)
• 400 650 CE
• Come to dominate Central, Eastern Europe
• Filled in for exiting Germans
• Spread across Carpathians
• 650 750 CE
• Spread into Southeast Europe, Balkans
• Byzantines too weak to prevent
• Bulgars (Turks) adopt Slavic customs
• Spread across Northern European Plain

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Late Indo-European Steppe Peoples in Central Asia
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BORDERS OF CHINA

• Relative Location
• Korea, Vietnam borders of China
• Japan located off coast of East Asia
• Physical Characteristics
• Korea, Vietnam
• Mountainous, cut by river valleys
• Population located on plains
• Japan
• Volcanic islands, very mountainous
• Deep valleys with plains
• Demography
• Peoples related to Chinese
• Populace generally heavy on plains
• Rice was principal crop
• Cities exist but rarer than China
• Cities centers of Chinese culture
• Countryside resistant to Sinification

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THE CONFUCIAN WORLD
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Yue, yueh who are they?

• Yangzi and South
• China Two cultural hearths where agriculture
  arose
• Yellow River were clearly Chinese or Han
• The peoples south of the Yangzi were not Chinese
• Rice, yams cultivated pig, water buffalo,
  chicken domesticated
• Strong aquaculture and use of sea-borne
  technologies
• 1st Wave Voluntary migration to Taiwan,
  Philippines
• The Yue and the Chinese
• Ancient Chinese name for peoples south of Yangzi
• Chinese identify 100 different peoples
• Qin and Han push control south
• Increasingly brought under Chinese influence
  language, customs
• Ethnic Chinese settled throughout area
• People forced to migrate to hills, leave area
• Second Wave Westward into hills of Sichuan
• Third Wave Southward into Vietnam

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MIGRATION IN EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA
Conquests by Qin and Han armies plus Pressure
from Han peasants migrating To south began the
migrations.
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Malayo-Polynesians

• Theories for Origin
• They migrated from Taiwan, Philippines
• They migrated from New Guinea
• They migrated from Yunnan down Mekong
• Dates
• Hard to define
• Thought to be have begun around 2000 BCE
• Migration Pressures
• Over-population
• Technology allowed ease of sailing, navigation
• Areas Settled
• Indonesia, Philippines, Malay Peninsula, South
  Vietnam
• Madagascar, New Zealand, Hawaii
• New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

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Mapping Their Movement
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THE POLYNESIANS OCEANIC NOMADS

• Polynesians
• Originated in New Guinea
• Developed shifting agriculture, portable
  agriculture
• Farm one area intensively, move on
• Raised banana, taro, sweet potato, fish, pigs,
  chickens
• Sailing Technology
• Double hulled canoes central platform with sail
• Use stars, winds, wave patterns, air/sea
  patterns, islands, atolls, birds
• Migrated across island chains in boats
• By 1500 BCE settled Madagascar by 300 CE Easter
  Island
• By 500 CE settled Polynesia, Micronesia, Hawaii
• By 1000 CE settled New Zealand totally
  different climate
• Social Structures
• Migration needed to avoid overpopulation
• Depleted resources, shortages, environmental
  degradation, conflict
• Eastern Island was example of this problem
• Hamlet and villages
• Hamlets on volcanic islands, up to 5 houses
  often one family
• Villages on larger islands, up to 30 houses
  often an important chief, king

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POLYNESIAN WORLD
KEY 1. Polynesia 2. Hawaii 3. New Zealand 4.
Easter Island 5. Samoa 6. Fiji 7. Tahiti
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Oceanic Nomads
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Micro, Mela, Poly-nesia
Micro Small IslandsMela Black Islands
(Volcano)Poly Many Islands
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EARLY KOREA

• Pre-Historic Korea
• Region had extensive Paleolithic, Neolithic
  settlements
• Evolved into pottery producing societies
• Evolved both dry field, wet field production of
  rice
• Practiced elite burial
• Gojoseon
• Claimed to be the first Korean historical state
• Founded c. 2300 BCE
• People were descendants of Altaic tribes
  migrating from Manchuria
• First capital was Liaoning but later moved to
  Pyongyang
• Bronze Age Culture to 400 BCE
• Feudal culture became centralized
• Agriculture expanded with new crops
• Iron Age Culture
• Warfare in China pushed Chinese refugees into
  Korea
• Refugees brought iron technology into Korea
  leading to collapse of state
• Period saw rise of culture in Southern Peninsula
  which traded with Japan
• Han China
• Qin and Han conquered Northern Korea, ruled them
  as four provinces

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EARLY JAPAN

• Ancient Japan
• Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians
  (Ainu) from Northeast Asia
• Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into
  islands, pushed Ainu north
• Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans,
  1st millennium BCE
• Shinto Ancestor veneration with deification of
  nature, spirits (kami)
• Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.)
• Yamato clan claimed imperial authority
• The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang
• Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled
  on Chang'an
• Adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, but maintained
  Shinto
• Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.)
• Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794
• Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and
  symbols of authority
• Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara
  family, bureaucrats
• Emperor did not rule lived in splendid isolation
  along with court elite
• Chinese learning dominated Japanese education,
  culture
• The Tale of Genji
• Women contributed most to Japanese literature and
  writing
• Decline of Heian Japan

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Dai Viet or Vietnam

• Yue People
• Chinese name for Vietnamese
• Settled in Red River Valley
• Subject to Chinese rule until 900 CE
• Vietnamese State
• Many Chinese cultural forms
• But distinctive Vietnamese qualities
• Constant battle with Chinese
• Later State
• Pushed south along coast
• Settled Vietnamese peasants to farm rice, raise
  fish
• In early modern era, absorbed Champa
• Pushed up Mekong River against Khmer People

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The Vietnamese Champa

• Genetic Markers
• Indicate an origin in South China
• Southern Chinese (Yue, Intermarriage)
• The Thai, Malayo-Polynesians
• Originated as the Yue People of South China
• Came under increasing Chinese presence
• Migration to avoid assimilation
• Moved into Red River Valley
• Tributary to China for 1500 years
• From 500 BCE to 1000 CE were tributary to China
• Around 900 began successful revolt to throw off
  Chinese
• Vietnamese state expanded
• Expanded south along coast absorbed related
  Champa
• Push inland from coast up to highlands
• Champa
• A Malayo-Polynesian state establish in South
  Vietnam