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?? Max Hartmann

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Title: ?? Max Hartmann


1
??????????
  • ?? Max Hartmann
  • ?? Ludwik Fleck

2
??????????
  • ?/????/??????????
  • ?/????/???????????
  • ?/????/????????????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????

3
?????????
  • ???????????
  • ???????
  • ??????????????,?????????????????????????????
  • ???????????????
  • ??????????
  • ??????????

4
Max Hartmann (1876-1962)
  • ????????
  • ??????
  • 1909, ?? Institut Oswaldo Cruz ?????????????????(S
    outh American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas
    disease)???Carlos Chagas??
  • 1914-1955, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biologie
  • ?????????

5
Hartmanns Theory of Sexuality
  • General bipolar sexuality
  • General bisexual potency
  • Relative sexuality

6
???Trichonympha (1949)
7
Hartmann ?????
  • 1925, Biologie und Philosophie, Allgemeine
    Biologie (????)
  • ??
  • ????????????
  • ????????
  • ??(??)?????????
  • ??
  • ?????
  • ?????????
  • ???
  • ???????

8
Hartmann ??????
  • 1948, Die philosophischen Grundlagen der
    Naturwissenschaften. Erkenntnistheorie und
    Methodologie ca. 240 pp. (21959)
  • 1956, Einfuehrung in die allgemeine Biologie und
    ihre philosophischen Grund- und Grenzfragen ca.
    132 pp. (21965)
  • ??????50??
  • ??15???? Gesammelte Vortraege und Aufsaete. II.
    Naturphilosophie (1956)

9
?????????
  • ???????,????
  • ?????????????,????????,??????????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ??????????
  • ?????????

10
Methodengefuege Analyse, Synthese, Induktion,
Deduktion
11
????????Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961)
  • ??,???????
  • ???????
  • ??? (??????)
  • ??? (?????)????
  • ??????????????,? Klinische Wochenschrift,
    Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie, Zentralblatt
    fuer Immmunitaetsforschung und experimentelle
    Therapie, Krankheitsforschung,
    Dermatologische Wochenschrift
  • ????Auschwitz ???,?????

12
??????????
  • Genesis and development of a scientific fact
    (1979, ?1935??)
  • Cognition and fact (1986,?1983????????)
  • The Polish school of philosophy of medicine
    (?????,?????????????)

13
??? Reality?????????
  • ??????????????(normal) ,??????????? (????)
  • ???
  • ???????????(statistical)?
  • ??????? ?? gt ????
  • ????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • Krankheit, kranksein

14
Diseases vs. individual pathological phenomena
  • in nature there is no such thing as diseases,
    only individual pathological phenomena
  • Constructed by physicians
  • They are ideal fictitious pictures, known as
    morbid units, around which both the individual
    and the variable morbid phenomena are grouped,
    without, however, ever corresponding completely
    to them
  • To permit the development of the practical
    science of healing

15
?? Reality ?????????(scientific facts)?????
  • ???????
  • ??????????????
  • Fleck ??????(Denkstil, thought style)
  • Denkstil ?????????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????????????? (??????????????????????)
  • Truth depends on Denkstil

16
Denkstil ??????,???
  • Denkstil????????,???????????????,????????????????
  • ??????(Denkkollektiv, thought collective)
  • ???????,??????,?????????
  • Denkzwang

17
???????
  • ???????,??????
  • Fleck ?????????????????????,?????????????????
  • (?????????????????????)

18
Denkstil ?????
  • Denkstilergaenzung???????
  • Denkstilerweiterung???????
  • Denkstilumwandlung?????????? (????)
  • ???????????????

19
Fleck ? T. Kuhn
  • ????/??
  • ????/????

20
Hartmann ???????
  • Hartmann
  • ??????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????????? (??)
  • ????????
  • ????
  • ???????????????
  • ??????

21
Fleck ?????
  • ??????
  • ????
  • ???
  • Luebeck ????, 1920-30
  • ?????????
  • ????????????
  • ???????????????????

22
??Hartmann?Fleck?????? vs. ??????
  • ????/Realism
  • ????/Relativism

23
???
  • ?????
  • 06-2757575 ext 52352
  • hengan_at_mail.nthu.edu.tw
  • ?????
  • ??????
  • ?????? (??????????,??)
  • ????
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