Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

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Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

• Chapter 6

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Types of Long-Term Memory

• Declarative memory refers to knowledge of events,
  facts, and concepts (knowing what).
• Nondeclarative memory refers to skills
• and related procedural knowledge (knowing how).

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Types of Declarative Memory

• Episodic memory concerns the recollection of
  events that took place at specific places and
  times in the past.
• Semantic memory concerns factual and conceptual
  knowledge about the world and the words used to
  symbolize such knowledge.

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Encoding and Storing Events

• Maintenance rehearsal refers to recycling
  information within short-term or working memory.
• Elaborative rehearsal refers to linking
  information in short-term memory with information
  already stored in long-term memory.

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Types of Memory Tests

• Explicit or direct tests require the conscious
  recollection of information (e.g., recall and
  recognition).
• Implicit or indirect tests require the use of
  information stored in long-term memory, but not
  its conscious recollection (e.g., perceptual
  priming and stem completion).
• Priming effects might be augmented by conscious
  recall of the prime, just as recognition effects
  could reflect familiarity rather than
  recollection.

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Principles of Encoding

• Levels or depths of processing refers to a memory
  superiority for events attentively processed at a
  semantic as opposed to a sensory level.
• Transfer appropriate processing holds that test
  performance depends on engaging in a process at
  encoding that is compatible with the demands of
  the test (e.g., recognition of words that rhyme
  with studied words is best when sensory, acoustic
  features are encoded).

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Principles of Encoding

• Distinctiveness refers to how the items to be
  learned are different from each other and other
  items stored in long-term memory. Item
  processing stresses differences (e.g., flashbulb
  memories).
• Relational processing refers to how the items to
  be learned are related to each other and to other
  items stored in memory. It stresses similarities
  (e.g., subjective organization).

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Retrieval Processes

• Retrieval mode is an attempt or effort to
  retrieve an event stored in long-term memory.
• Ecphory is the actual successful retrieval of an
  event.

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Encoding Specificity

• Specific encoding operations performed on what is
  perceived determines what retrieval cues are
  effective in producing access to what is stored.
• A retrieval cue is only effective if it is
  associated with the to-be-remembered material at
  encoding.

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Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry

• Prefrontal activation in the right hemisphere is
  associated with retrieval mode.
• Prefrontal activation in the left hemisphere is
  associated with encoding events.

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Encoding Specificity Effects

• Recall of unrecognizable words
• Tip of the tongue (TOT)
• Study-test interactions in environmental context
• Mood congruence effect
• State-dependent learning
• Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview

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Encoding Specificity Effects

• Recall of unrecognizable words
• Tip of the tongue (TOT)
• Study-test interactions in environmental context
• Mood congruence effect
• State-dependent learning
• Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview

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Encoding Specificity Effects

• Recall of unrecognizable words
• Tip of the tongue (TOT)
• Study-test interactions in environmental context
• Mood congruence effect
• State-dependent learning
• Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview

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Encoding Specificity Effects

• Recall of unrecognizable words
• Tip of the tongue (TOT)
• Study-test interactions in environmental context
• Mood congruence effect
• State-dependent learning
• Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview

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