Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine Empire and Russia 300-1000 AD
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Map of the Byzantine Empire 550 AD
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Eastern Roman Empire

• The city of Constantinople has been known through
  the ages under a large number of different names.
  
• It was first known as Byzantium. The capital of
  the Eastern Roman empire was moved from Rome to
  Byzantium in Anatolia.
• Byzantium was renamed Constantinople after the
  Roman Emperor Constantine around 330 AD.
  Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern
  Roman Empire until around 395 AD when it became
  the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

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Constantinople (Istanbul)
Hagia Sophia
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Diocletian Divides the Empire

• In 284 AD, the emperor Diocletian divided the
  Roman empire into four administrative districts,
  one of which was the East.

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Role of Constantinople

• Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman
  conquest
• Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture
• Center of Trade

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• In 1453 the Ottoman Turkish Empire will conquer
  the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople will
  become their capital.
• The Ottoman Empire will fall after the First
  World War in 1922.

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Constantinople

• Constantinople provided political, economic, and
  military advantages such as
• Protection of the eastern frontier
• Distance from the Germanic invasions in the
  western empire
• Crossroads of trade
• Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering a
  natural harbor

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• It is located on the Bosphorus Strait, and
  encompasses the natural harbor known as the
  Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country.
• It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on
  the Asian (Anatolia) side of the Bosphorus, and
  is thereby the only city in the world which is
  situated on two continents.

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• The Roman Empire was split between into the
  Western Empire, centering on Rome, and the
  Eastern Empire, centering on Constantinople.
• The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD. The
  eastern half will become the Byzantine Empire.

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• Justinian I will become the Byzantine Emperor in
  527 AD.
• Justinian became universally famous because of
  his legislative work, remarkable for its sweeping
  character.
• In 529 he revised and codified the ancient Roman
  legal code, a collection of laws that came to be
  referred to as the "Justinian's Code".
• This law code will provide the basis for the law
  code of Western Europe.

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Jump

1. Who divided the Roman Empire into West and East
   Rome?
2. What emperor adopted Christianity?
3. What is the capital of the Byzantine Empire? AND
   what are two other of its names throughout
   history?
4. Who is Justinian and what did he do?
5. What is the split in the Catholic Church called
   and what sect has been created?

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Justinian
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Justinian

• Under Justinian the Byzantine Empire reached its
  height in culture and prosperity. Emperor
  Justinian influenced the expansion of the
  Byzantine Empire in the following ways
• Codification of Roman Law (impact on European
  legal codes)
• Reconquest of former Roman territories
• Expansion of Trade

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The Reign of Justinian
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Womens Status
Empress Theodora
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Theodora and Court
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Greek and Roman Culture

• Greek and Roman traditions were preserved by the
  Byzantine Empire. Greek and Roman culture
  survived with the Byzantine Empire in the
  following ways
• Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the
  West)
• Greek Orthodoxy Christianity
• Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine
  libraries.

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The Great Schism

• The Cultural and political differences between
  the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the
  unity of the Christian Church and led to its
  division.
• The primary causes of the Schism, or break of the
  Christian Church, were disputes over papal
  authority the Western Pope claimed he held
  authority over the four Eastern patriarchs.

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• The Orthodox Patriarch stated that the Bishop of
  Rome (i.e. The Pope) has authority only over his
  own diocese and does not have any authority
  outside his diocese.
• In 1054 each official (the Pope and the
  Patriarch) excommunicated each other.
• The Christian Church was divided between the
  Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern
  Orthodox Church.

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The Church

• The Church split in 1054 over
• The Liturgy
• Rome (Latin) Constantinople (Greek)
• Authority of the Pope
• Rome (Pope was in charge following the line from
  Peter)
• Constantinople (center of power)
• Practices
• Celibacy (accepted in Rome, not in
  Constantinople)
• Divorce and Marriage (Constantinople, not Rome)
• Iconoclastic Controversy
• Idol worship? Dispute over the use of icons

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Eastern and Western Church

• Eastern Church
• Centered in Constantinople
• Close to the seat of power after Constantinople
  became capital
• Used Greek language in Liturgy

• Western Church
• Centered in Rome
• Farther from the seat of power after
  Constantinople became capital
• Used Latin in Liturgy

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11th Century differences between Two Christian
Traditions

• Roman Catholic Church
• Services conducted in Latin.
• The pope has authority over the other bishops.
• The pope claims authority over all kings and
  emperors.
• Priests may not marry.
• Divorce is not permitted.

• Eastern Orthodoxy
• Services are conducted in Greek or local
  languages.
• The patriarch and other bishops head the church
  as a group.
• The emperor claims authority over the patriarch
  and other bishops of the empire.
• Priests may be married.
• Divorce is allowed under certain conditions.

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Divisions between Eastern and Western Churches

• Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the
  West. Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the
  East.
• Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in
  the West.
• Differences between the Eastern and Western Roman
  Empire weakened the unity of the Christian Church
  and led to its division.

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Greek Orthodox Church inspired Byzantine Art and
Architecture

• Inspired by Christian religion and imperial power
• Used Icon (Religious Images) caused some trouble
  (Iconoclast)
• Mosaics in public and religious structures
• Ex Hagia Sophia (St. Sophia) a Byzantine domed
  church

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Hagia Sophia
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All of this roof is decorated with Mosaics
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Mosaics
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Byzantine civilization and Russia

• Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and
  Eastern European civilizations through its
  religion, culture, and trade.
• Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
• Russia and much of Eastern Europe adopted
  Orthodoxy Christianity.
• Russia and Eastern Europe adopted Greek alphabet
  into the Slavic language because of the
  missionary work of St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)
• Inspired church architecture and religious art

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St. Cyril and the Cyrillic Alphabet
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Byzantine and Russia

• Constantinople close to Kiev

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1453- Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks
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These walls of Constantinople fall the Ottoman
Turks in 1453.
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• Conquering of Constantinople
• Istanbul