Kinship Networks and Demography

1
Kinship Networks and Demography
Douglas R. White University of California
Irvine With James Moody The Ohio State
University
Population Association of America Minneapolis
Minnesota, May 1 - 3
2
Kinship Networks and Demography

• Outline
• Introduction Social Demography and Network
  Concepts
• A Network Approach to Marriage Rules and
  Strategies via Controlled Demographic Simulation
• Representing Kinship as A Network P-graphs
• Case Study Examples
• Possible Extensions

3
Introduction some questions of interest

• 1 What is the influence of demography on social
  structure and the reverse?
• 2 How does one measure the demography of marriage
  and network behaviors in human populations?
• 3 What is the influence of social structure on
  such behaviors?
• For this purpose social structure is the
  network of social bonds among people and with
  things to which people have significant links
  (property, ideas, material and ecological items).
  
• Some aspects of social institutions are implied
  or included in this definition insofar as they
  are an emergent result of social/legal/political
  bonds and of responses to demographic pressures.

4
Structural demography might include

• The social field of kinship as the place of
  (social) reproduction in which structural
  endogamies define the reproductive boundaries of
  social class, ethnic identities, kinship groups,
  and so forth.
• The social field of groups, in which cohesion and
  coordinated social action emerges within social
  networks and connectivities define the limits of
  cooperation and competition
• The social field of stratification in which
  groups (or individuals) are situated (i.e. occupy
  structural positions) and centralities define
  inequalities among individuals and groups within
  social networks.

5
The importance of measurement concepts in
structural demography

• Network-based concepts such as structural
  endogamy, multiconnectivity, and centrality, when
  applied to large scale (community/nation)
  networks allows the possibility of a social
  network approach to questions about
• longitudinal and historical studies of entire
  large populations
• social studies on norms and behavior
• studies of the relation between the structural
  positions of individuals and their behavior
• relationships between social structure and
  demographic variables

6
Example Analyzing cohesion in social groups
(Cohesive Blocking)

• Cohesion is measured by the number of
  node-independent paths that hold two nodes
  together. Two nodes with k node-independent paths
  are k times as resistant to being pulled apart
  than if they are connected by a single path.
• A k-component of a graph, or a maximal subgraph
  that is k-connected (also called a cohesive block
  of connectivity k), is a maximal subgraph S in
  which no pair of nodes can be disconnected by
  removal of k or fewer other nodes in S. The 1-,
  2-, and 3-components of a graph G are called,
  respectively, components, bicomponents and
  tricomponents of G.
• Mengers Theorem The minimum node cut set
  (connectivity) of a graph G equals the minimum of
  the maximum node-independent paths (cohesion)
  between any two nodes in G. This is one of the
  deepest theorems in graph theory.
• If the edges of a graph (network) are weighted
  (e.g., at unity), the node-independent flow
  between two nodes is the sum over
  node-independent paths of minimum weights on
  these paths.
  E.g., node-independent flow of 2
  between a b
• a b
  (the graph is 2-connected)

7
Cohesion via multiple independent paths

• The cohesion of a graph G is independent of path
  distances between nodes, and is in this sense a
  distributed property of G.
• Why do we expect that multiple independent paths,
  independent of distances among nodes, will have
  important effects above and beyond proximal and
  highly distance-dependant effects of interaction?
• Briefly, independent of distance (a) Two nodes
  with k node-independent paths are k times as
  resistant to being pulled apart than if they are
  connected by a single path, and (b) The effects
  of k node-independent paths within cohesive
  blocks are convergent and their effects may thus
  be self reinforcing. The higher the connectivity
  k, the more cohesive blocks are redundantly
  connected (solidary) in this way, and the greater
  their potential to act as amplifiers for coherent
  patterns of organization.
• This concept is useful for generating hypotheses
  relating to social networks generally and to
  kinship networks in particular.

8
Applications of Structural Cohesion

• Emergence and Fission of Groups in Social
  Networks
• Elite and Class Cohesion
• Community/Ethnic Cohesion
• The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks
  Node Connectivity and Conditional Density (drw
  and Frank Harary). 2001. Sociological Methodology
  2001, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 305-359
• Social Cohesion and Embeddedness A hierarchical
  conception of social groups (Moody and White).
  2003. American Sociological Review 68(1)101-24.

9
Controlled Demographic Simulation A Network
Approach to Discovering Marriage Rules and
Strategies

• In a quantitative science of social structure
  that includes marriage and kinship, how does one
• define and evaluate marriage strategies relative
  to random baselines?
• separate randomizing strategy from
  preferential strategy?
• detect atomistic strategies (partial, selective)
  as well as global or elementary marriage-rules
  or strategies?
• Controlled Simulation of Marriage Systems,
  1999. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social
  Simulation 3(2). White

10
A Network Approach to Marriage Rules and
Strategies via Controlled Demographic Simulation
Categorical attribute models for marriage mixing
are problematic, due to ambiguities in the
categories and questions about how to nest
various attributes. A relational approach builds
random baselines by comparing against randomized
elements of the observed data. This allows one
to hold constant many elements of the kinship
system (for example, matrimonial decent), while
testing for random mixing in other elements
(flow of husbands through the system).
11
Defining the phenomena of endogamy

• Endogamy is the custom of marrying only within
  the limits of a clan or tribe.
• Practical Strategies
• By categories/attributes
• suffers from problems of specification error
  
• By network relinking
• the generalized phenomena of structural endogamy
  as blocks of generalized relinking, (a special
  case of network cohesion) with
• Subblocks of k-relinkings of k families, with
  g-depth in generations
• Subblocks of consanguinal (blood) marriage as
  within-family relinkings

12
Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks

• To analyze large-scale kinship networks, we need
  a generalizable graph representation of kinship
  networks.
• Problems
• Cultural definitions of kin lead to
  cross-cultural ambiguity
• Forced to pick primary relations (marriage,
  descent) against implied relations (siblings,
  cousins, etc.) or include a complete graph with
  multiple labeling

13
Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
The traditional representation is a genealogical
kinship graph

• Individuals are nodes
• Males and females have different shapes
• Edges are of two forms
• Marriage (usually a horizontal, double line)
• Descent (vertical single line)

• Has a western bias toward individuals as the key
  actor
• Not a valid network, since edges emerge from
  dyads
• Better solution is the P-graph

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Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
P-graphs link pairs of parents (flexible
culturally defined) to their decedents
P-graphs are constructed by
15
Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
P-graphs link pairs of parents (flexible
culturally defined) to their decedents
P-graphs can be constructed from standard
genealogical data files (.GED), using PAJEK and a
number of other programs. Seehttp//eclectic.ss.
uci.edu/drwhite for guides as to web-site
availability with documentation ( multimedia
representations)
16
Data and RepresentationRelating p-graphs to
endogamy

• Cycles in p-graphs are direct markers for
  endogamy, and satisfy the elementary requirements
  for theories of kinship-based alliances
  (Levi-Strauss (1969, Bourdieu 1976)
• Circuits in the p-graph are isomorphic with one
  or more of
• Blood Marriages, where two persons of common
  ancestry from a new union
• Redoublement dalliance, where unions linking two
  co-ancestral lines are redoubled
• Renchainement, where two or more intermarried
  co-ancestral lines are relinked by a new union

17
Data and RepresentationRelating p-graphs to
endogamy
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Programs Availability PAJEK

• PAJEK reads genealogical datasets (.ged files)
  both the usual Ego format and in Pgraph format,
  with dotted female lines (p Dots) and solid male
  lines.
• PAJEK Network/Partition/Components/Bicomponent
  computes structural endogamy
• PAJEK Network/Partition/Depth/Genealogy computes
  genealogical depth. This enabled 2D or 3D
  drawings of kinship networks.
• Manuals for p-graph kinship analysis and
  discussions of software programs multimedia
  representations are contained in
• 1) Analyzing Large Kinship and Marriage Networks
  with pgraph and Pajek, Social Science Computer
  Review 17(3)245-274. 1999 Douglas R. White,
  Vladimir Batagelj Andrej Mrvar.
• 2) http//eclectic.ss.uci.edu/pgraph
• 3) http//vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek

19
Programs Availability Hypothesis testing
We can use various permutation-based procedures
to test the observed level of endogamy against a
data-realistic random baseline. The
substantive marker for endogamic effectiveness is
whether the level of endogamy is (a) greater than
expected by chance given (b) the genealogical
depth of the graph 1997 Structural Endogamy and
the graphe de parenté. Mathématique,
Informatique et sciences humaines 137107-125.
Paris Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences
Sociales
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Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class

• Social class as a general way of life, a
  sub-culture, tends to be hereditary because (a)
  individuals from the same sub-culture tend to
  intermarry, and (b) parents bring up their
  children to imitate themselves. (Leach, 1970).
• If we were to examine the extent to which
  particular social class formations were
  concomitant with structural endogamy, we would
  expect that
• Families involved would know "good families and
  "suitable matches,
• not all children of the class would be "required"
  to marry within the class, but social class
  inscription would take place through the diffuse
  agency of relinking by marriage,
• which could both validate the social standing of
  the individual and constitute the diffuse but
  relinked social unit -- endogamic block -- of
  class formation.

21
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Class is rooted in relations to property, but
the holding of property is particularistic, bound
by social relations that channel its inheritance
within particular sets of personal biographies,
such as those linked by kinship and marriage. As
property flows through a social network, its
biography unfolds as a history of the transfer
from person to person or group to group.
(p.162) Institutions (such as class), emerge out
of the networked actions and choices devolving in
turn in specific and changing historical context.
A duality of persons and property, each linked
through the others, thus characterizes the class
system.
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
22
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers

• Empirical setting Inheritance of property among
  families in an Austrian Village
• Background In the Austrian farming valleys of
  southern Carinthia, the perpetuation of Slovenian
  ethnicities and Windisch dialects has been
  associated with heirship of farmsteads. Unlike
  many rural areas (and as predicted by Weber and
  others), farms tended to be inherited complete,
  without the kind of splitting that fractures
  classes.
• Main hypothesis That two social classes emerged
  historically in this village and have long
  remained distinct as a product of differential
  marriage strategies.
• The mechanism for keeping land intact is that a
  structurally endogamous farmstead-owner social
  class emerged from marriages that relinked stem
  family or heirship lines that were already
  intermarried. The relinked couples inheriting
  farmsteads recombined primary heirships with
  secondary quitclaim land parcels allowing
  stability in reconstituting impartible-core
  farmsteads.

Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
23
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers

• Data
• Extensive field work
• Archival Records of farmstead transfers starting
  in the 16th century
• Genealogical histories on families collected by
  Brudner
• Supplemented from data collected by White from
  gravestones and church records
• Facts about the setting
• Village population has been (relatively) stable
  from 1759 1961, fluctuating between 618 (1923)
  to 720 (1821)
• Most transfers are through inheritance, but the
  data includes purchases as well.
• Daughters tend to move to their husbands house of
  residence
• Purchase of farmsteads for sons is common, but
  rare for daughters
• Daughters tend to bring a land dowry to a
  marriage

Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
24
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
25
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
26
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors
Generation 1 2 3 4 5 6
Present Present Present Present Present Present Present
Actual 8 16 70 179 257 318
Simulated 0 0 32 183 273 335
Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen
Actual 8 58 168 246 308 339
Simulated 0 18 168 255 320 347
Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen
Actual 26 115 178 243 278 292
Simulated 0 98 194 262 291 310
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
27
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
28
Applications of Structural Endogamy Elite
Structural Endogamy Rural Javanese Elites
Empirical Setting Muslim village elites have
their own compounds and extensive landholdings
that qualify them for village leadership. They
often marry blood relatives, while commoners do
not. Key questions Javanese peasant villages
are often characterized as a loose social
structure. Is the blood-marriage endogamy we see
among village elites simply due to the
demographic constraints imposed by very
restricted size of the elite group, with the
elites and commoners sharing the same loose
rules of marriage? Data Extensive field work,
genealogies and ethnography by Thomas Schweizer
29
Applications of Structural Endogamy Elite
Structural Endogamy Rural Javanese Elites

• Results
• Apparent differences in marriage patterns of
  elites and commoners were due to a common
  cultural practice of status endogamy, which for
  elites implied a set of potential mates whose
  smaller size implied marriage among blood
  relatives within a few generations.
• Given a common rule of division of inheritance,
  closer marital relinkings among elites
  facilitated the reconsolidation of wealth within
  extended families
• Extended families so constituted operated with a
  definite set of rules for the division of
  productive resources so as to distribute access
  to mercantile as well as landed resources.
• Graphic technique Nuclear families as the unit
  of p-graph analysis, additional arrows for
  property flows, and extended family as
  constituted by marital relinking and the
  repartitioning of mercantile and properties
  resources.

• Source 1998 Kinship, Property and
  Stratification in Rural Java A Network Analysis
  (White and Schweizer). pp. 36-58, In, Thomas
  Schweizer and Douglas White, eds. Kinship,
  Networks, and Exchange. Cambridge University
  Press.

30

• Statistical tests of the STATUS ENDOGAMY
  hypothesis using simulation tests
• for a Javanese Village (Dukuh Hamlet and Muslim
  Elites), Test of Actual versus Simulated
  Marriage among Consanguineal Kin conclusion no
  preferred marriages beyond status endogamy
• key A frequency of actual marriages with a
  given type of relative
• S frequency of simulated random marriages
  with a given type of relative
• TA total of actual relatives of this type
• TS total of simulated relatives of this
  type
• Javanese elites Dukuh Hamlet
  3-Way Test
• A S TA TS p type A S TA TS p type
• 1 1 0 4 3 .625 FBD 0 1 9 12 .591 FBD
  p1.0
• 2 1 2 2 3 .714 MBD 1 0 11 16 .429 MBD
  p1.0
• 3 2 1 3 2 .714 FZDD 0 0 11 0 FZDD
  p1.0
• 4 0 1 6 7 .571 ZD 0 0 18 24 ZD
  p1.0
• 0 0 11 11 Z 0 0 36 43 Z
• 0 0 4 4 BD 0 0 22 27 BD
• 0 0 2 2 ZSD
• 0 0 3 3 BDD 0 0 8 8 BDD
• 0 0 3 3 ZDD

31
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social
Integration through Marriage Systems Kandyan
Irrigation Farmers in Sri Lanka
Empirical Setting An immensely detailed network
ethnography by Sir Edmund Leach demonstrates how
kinship relations are strategically constructed
through matrimonial alliances that alter the flow
of inheritance of land and water rights by
deviating from normal agnatic (fathers-side)
rights to property and emphasizing the secondary
rights of daughters, with expectation that
property alienated through marriage will flow
back to the agnatic group through the completion
of elaborate marriage exchanges between the two
sides of the kindred. Key question Is there a
hidden order of marital practices that links to
the two-sidedness of kinship terminology and
Leachs earlier findings about balanced and
reciprocated exchanges? Data genealogies,
inheritances, classifications of normal and
exceptional residence practices and of normal and
exceptional types of marriage.
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
32
Applications of Structural Endogamy Social
Integration through Marriage Systems Kandyan
Irrigation Farmers in Sri Lanka

• Results Reveals that Leach had not seen, and
  could not for lack of requisite tools of
  analysis, that marriages were organized in
  response to a logic called dividedness and (in
  another form) sidedness.
• the matrimonial network is bipartite, the
  marriages of the parents and those of the
  children divide themselves into two distinct
  ensembles (which have nothing to do with
  moieties).
• Graphic technique Nuclear families as the unit
  of p-graph analysis, analysis of blood marriages,
  sibling sets and of inheritance or bequests
  revealed the underlying logic of marital
  sidedness.
• Key concepts bipartite graph and sidedness
  sidedness is an empirical bipartition of a
  matrimonial network, reiterated from one
  generation to another following a sexual
  criterion. The next slide the sidedness of the
  Pul Eliyan networks operating through the male
  line, with some female heirs acting as agnatic
  channels for inheritance where there are no male
  heirs (I.e., they lack brothers).

Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
33
P-graph of Pul Eliyan Sidedness
34
P-graph of Pul Eliyan Sidedness
Curved lines follow property flows, dashed lines
are gifts. Property re-connects across the
sided lines.
35

• Frequencies of Actual versus Simulated
  Consanguineal Marriages for Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka.
  Conclusions All blood marriages are
  patri-sided, and secondarily, only
• MBD is a marriage that is especially preferred
• Type Actual Simul Total Total
  Fisher-----Blood Marriage------
  (2)Viri-Sided?
• of Mar. Freq. Freq. Actual Simul Exact type
  P-graph notation Actual Simul
• 12 5 0 40 38 p.042 MBD(1)GFFG
  yes
• 2 3 1 39 40 .317 FZD GGFF
  yes
• 1 0 1 56 57 .508 FZ GGF
  no
• 3 0 1 6 6 .538 FFFZDSD
  GGGGFGFF no
• 4 1 0 3 1 .800 FFMZDSSD
  GGGFFGGFF yes
• 5 0 1 5 3 .444 FFMBDSDD
  GGGFFFGFG no
• 6 1 0 18 15 .558 FMBSD
  GGFFGG yes
• 7 0 1 17 12 .433 FMBDD
  GGFFFG no
• 8 2 1 18 12 .661 FMZDD
  GGFFFF yes
• 9 0 1 9 5 .399 FMMBSSD
  GGFFFGGG no
• 10 0 1 4 5 .600 FMMFZSSD
  GGFFGFGGF yes
• 11 0 1 6 3 .400 FMMFZDSD
  GGFFGFGFF yes
• 13 0 1 25 27 .528 MBSD GFFGG
  yes
• 14 1 0 14 10 .600 MFZDD
  GFGFFF yes

Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
36

• Correlating Actual versus Simulated non-MBD
  marriages for Pul Eliya, showing tendency towards
  a Viri-Sided (Dravidian) Marriage Rule
• Viri-Sided Unsided
• Actual 18 0
• Simulated 5 7
• (p.0004 p.000004 using the binomial test of
  5050 expected)

Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
37

• Correlating Balanced vs. Unbalanced Cycles in
  Actual versus Simulated marriage networks for Pul
  Eliya, showing a perfectly Sided (Dravidian)
  Marriage Rule
• A. Viri-sidedness
• Actual Expected
• Balanced Cycles (Even length) 25 17.5
• Unbalanced Cycles (Odd Length) 10 17.5
  
• p.008
• (all exceptions involve relinkings between
  nonconsanguineal relatives)
• B. Amblilateral-sidedness
  (womens sidedness adjusted by
  inheritance rules)
• Actual Expected
• Balanced Cycles (Even length) 35 17.5
• Unbalanced Cycles (Odd Length) 0 17.5
• p.00000000003

Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
38
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Empirical Setting An Arabized nomadic clan
having the characteristic segmented patrilineages,
lineage endogamy, and FBD (fathers brothers
daughter) marriages Key questions Is this a
prototype of a widespread variety of
decentralized self-organizing lineage system
stemming Arab societies or societies Arabized
along with the spread of Islam in 7th and 8th
century? Data Genealogies on two thousand clan
members and their ancestors, from 1800 to the
present, a long-term ethnography by Professor
Ulla C. Johansen, University of Cologne
39
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Sources 2002 Ulla Johansen and Douglas R.
White, Collaborative Long-Term Ethnography And
Longitudinal Social Analysis of a Nomadic Clan In
Southeastern Turkey, pp. 81-99, Chronicling
Cultures Long-Term Field Research in
Anthropology, eds. R. van Kemper and A. Royce.
AltaMira Press. 2003 Douglas R. White and
Michael Houseman The Navigability of Strong Ties
Small Worlds, Tie Strength and Network Topology,
Complexity 8(1). 2003 Douglas R. White and Ulla
Johansen. Network Analysis and Ethnographic
Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan.
Lexington and AltaMira. In Press.
40
p-graph of the conicality of the nomad clan
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Data
Generations
41
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Structural Endogamy of the nomad clan
Results

• The index of relinking of a kinship graph is a
  measure of the extent to which marriages take
  place among descendents of a limited set of
  ancestors.
• For the nomad clan the index of relinking is
  75, which is extremely high by world standards.
• This is a picture of the structurally endogamous
  or relinked marriages within the nomad clan
  (nearly 75 or all marriages)

42
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Does staying together as a clan depend on marital
relinking? Results Testing the hypothesis for
stayers versus leavers
Relinked Non-Relinking
Marriages Marriages
Totals villagers who became clan members
2 1 3 clan
Husband and Wife 148
0 148 Hu married to
tribes with reciprocal exchange 12
14 26 Hu left for village life
13 23
36 Hu married to village wife (34) or
husband (1) 11 24 35
Hu married to tribes w/out reciprocal exchange
2 12 5 members who
left for another tribe 0
8 8 villagers not joined to
clan 1 3
4 tribes non-clan
by origin Totals
189 85 274
Pearsons coefficient r.95 without middle cells
43
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Rather than treat types of marriage one
by one FBD, MBD etc., we treat them as an
ensemble and plot their frequency distribution
44
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results reversing axes, types of marriage are
ranked here to show that numbers of blood
marriages follow a power-law (indexical of
self-organizing preferential attachments) while
affinal relinking frequencies follow an
exponential distribution
45
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Does the high degree of structural
endogamy create a single root to the nomadic clan?
An apical (circled) ancestor of the 90 of those
down to todays nomad clan members. Attributing
common unilineal descent because of common roots
is a common feature of Middle Eastern lineages
46
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Summary

• Who stays and who returns to village life is
  predicted from kinship bicomponent membership.
• Bicomponent relinking also plays a role in the
  emergence of a root ancestor, and of more
  localized root ancestors for different levels of
  kinship groupings.
• Dynamic reconfigurations of political factions
  and their leaders are predicted from ensembles
  with different levels of edge-independent
  connectivity.
• An index of the decline of cohesion of the clan
  would be the fragmentation of cohesive components
  in later generations...
• Key concepts bicomponent, edge-independent
  paths, connectivity.
• Graphic technique nuclear families as the unit
  of p-graph analysis.
• An explanation of methods will be found in a book
  ms. Social Dynamics of a Nomadic Clan in
  Southeastern Turkey An Introduction to Networked
  Histories. Douglas White and Ulla Johansen. For
  submission to Westview or Altamira Press.

47
Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Social reproduction of ethnicity through
differential fertility
Differences in reproductive rates by social
groups mean that genealogical distance is shorter
in some groups than others, likely implying very
different relinking patterns.  For example, if
one race/ethnic group tends to (a) couple
younger, (b) have children younger, and/or (c)
re-marry/couple more often than another
race/ethnic group, then social divisions between
those groups will likely expand, and we would
likely see a stronger social reproduction of
class within the more strongly re-linked
group. Current (historical) work w. Padgett on
Florentine families (N98,000) works through some
of these ideas.
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Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Ethnic Intermarriage and the identification of
ethnicity

• There is a direct link between questions of
  structural endogamy and inter-group marriage,
  that is ripe for an extension.
• Classical models in this area fit log-linear
  models to husband_race by wife_race mixing
  tables. We can broaden our view of inter-mixing,
  by tracking the salience of race/ethnicity as the
  degree to which race and ethnicity reflect real
  communities through re-linking.
• If ethnically-based endogamy decreases over time,
  for example, then we can argue for a decreasing
  salience of that ethnicity. 
• Looking forward, the re-linkied community of
  today can become the ethnicity of tommorow in a
  processual sense
• An interesting extension will be to the
  demarcations between ethnicities within relinked
  communities. Is the pattern really one of total
  group mixing, or is contact at the peripheries of
  communities?

49
Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Class Mobility

• We can make a similar line of argument for
  national/ regional elite structures. 
• Historically, white elites sent their children to
  a very small subset of all schools (boarding and
  college), where they mixed within a very small
  set of potential marriage partners. 
• This would emerge as an endogomous class of
  elites (We can show, for example, that almost all
  US Presidents can be relinked to a common elite
  US ancestor). 
• If recent attempts at affirmative action and
  universal education have been successful, then we
  would expect greater out-marriage and lower
  re-linking

50

• Bibliography
• Brudner and White. 1997 Class, Property and
  Structural Endogamy Visualizing Networked
  Histories, Theory and Society 25161-208.
• Houseman and White. 1998 Network Mediation of
  Exchange Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and
  Property Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka pp.
  59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw, eds.
  Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
• Moody and White. 2003. Social Cohesion and
  Embeddedness A hierarchical conception of social
  groups American Sociological Review 68101-24.
• White. 1997. Structural Endogamy and the graphe
  de parenté Mathématique, Informatique et
  sciences humaines 137107-125.
• White. 1999. Controlled Simulation of Marriage
  Systems Journal of Artificial Societies and
  Social Simulation 3(2).
• White, Batagelj and Mrvar. 1999. Analyzing Large
  Kinship and Marriage Networks with pgraph and
  Pajek, Social Science Computer Review
  17245-274.
• White and Harary. 2001. The Cohesiveness of
  Blocks in Social Networks Node Connectivity and
  Conditional Density Sociological Methodology
  31305-359
• White and Jorion. 1996. Kinship Networks and
  Discrete Structure Theory Applications and
  Implications. Social Networks 18267-314
• White and Schweizer 1998. Kinship, Property and
  Stratification in Rural Java A Network Analysis
  pp. 36-58, In, Thomas Schweizer and Douglas
  White, eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange.
  Cambridge University Press.

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