Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments!

1
Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments!

• 1750-1914

2
Enlightenment Revolutions

• Commonalities? Contrasts?

3
The Enlightenment Ideals

• The two-prong rallying cry?
• Origins?
• Spread?
• Ramifications?

4
The American Revolution (1776)

• Spurred by Lockes ideas of life, liberty, and
  private property.
• Changed it to be life, liberty, and the pursuit
  of happiness
• Instituted by the emergent middle class

5
The French Revolution (1789)

• Corruption of absolute monarchs
• The Old Regime (ancien regime) social classes
  into 3 estates
• 1st clergy, 1 of population, controlled 10of
  land, paid no taxes
• 2nd landed nobility, 2 of population,
  controlled 20 of land, minimal taxes
• 3rd remainder of French citizenry 97 of
  population merchants, laborers, peasants
  heavily taxed leadersartisans merchants
  (bourgeoisie)

6
Recipe for disaster

• Extravagance of Louis XVI nearly bankrupted
  France
• May 1789, forced meeting of the Estates-General
  (French assembly)1st time in 175 years
• Traditionally, each estate 1 vote
• The bourgeoisie called for a change 1 vote per
  delegate
• denied

7
The National Assembly is formed

• The 3rd Estate formed the National Assembly due
  to denial
• Met in a tennis court where pledged to write a
  new constitution (Tennis Court Oath)
• New govt constitutional monarchy
• 1791constitution completed, Legislative Assembly
  formed?formed 3 factions w/in

8
Revolution Begins!

• Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
• The Great Fear begins, with the burning of
  feudal manors
• October 1789, Parisian women riot over price of
  bread demand Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
  leave Versailles and go to Paris

9
Declaration of Rights of Man

• Issued by National Assembly, 1789
• All men are born equal
• All enjoy the natural rights of liberty,
  property, security, and resistance to oppression
• No reference to rights of women Olympe de Gouges
  (1791) wrote Declaration of Rights of Women not
  accepted guillotined later

10
Fall of Monarchy

• 1792, Legislative Assembly dissolved,
  establishing a National Convention
• Abolished the limited monarchy
• Established a republic, September 1792
• Male citizens given right to vote
• Controlled by the Jacobins, inc. Marat and Danton
• January 1793, executed Louis XVI

11
Reign of Terror

• Maximilien Robespierre, head of Committee of
  Public Safety
• Executed alleged enemies of the republic
• Marie Antoinette
• Marat and Danton, former leaders of the Jacobins
• Ended in 1794 w/ guillotining of Robespierre
• 1795-1799 The Directory

12
Napoleons Rise to Power

• Chosen to lead the army, November 1799
• The next day, staged a coup detat became
  dictator
• Established peace treaties w/ the 2nd Coalition
  (GB, Austria, Russia)
• National bank equalized taxes public school
  system
• Napoleonic Code
• equality of all adult men
• patriarchal family
• no property rights of women
• restricted freedoms of press speech
• reinstated slavery in the Caribbean

13
Fall of Napoleon

• 1812, his empire controlled most of Europe
• 3 fatal errors
• Blockade against Great Britain (1806)
• Peninsular War against Spain(1808-1813)
• Invasion of Russia in winter of 1812
• 1814, forced to abdicate throne
• to Elba
• March 1815, returned and reestablished power
• Battle of Waterloo, June 1815, banished to St.
  Helena

14
Congress of Vienna, 1815

• Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France
  met in Vienna to create stability in Europe
• To guard against future revolutions, set up a
  series of alliances requiring nations to come to
  aid each other lest war erupt

15
Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna

• Goals
• Establish lasting peace stability
• Prevent future French aggression
• Restore balance of power
• Restore royal families to their thrones

• Actions
• Formed the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• German Confederation
• Independence of Switzerland recognized
• Required France to return Napoleons conquered
  areas, but kept France a power

16
Results of the Congress of Vienna

• Conservatives regain governmental control
• Colonial Latin American governments declared
  their independence
• Power of France diminished power of Great
  Britain and Prussia increased
• Encouraged growth of nationalism

17
The Haitian Revolution, 1791

• 1st Latin American territory to assert
  independence Fr. Colony, Saint Dominique
• Population composed primarily of African slaves,
  controlled tightly by minority slaveholders?90
  of population was slaves

18
Vive la revolucion!

• August 1791, African priest called for revolution
• 100,000 slaves revolted
• Toussaint LOuverture emerged as a leader
• Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to squelch the revolt
• 1802, lured onto French ship to sign an agreement
  for independence, and taken to France against his
  will
• Died in France, 1803

19
Haiti is born

• Dessalines continued the struggle
• Haiti declared its independence, January 1,1804
• Dessalines declared self dictator for life
• 1st colony in which slaves gained freedom from
  Europeans

20
Latin American Revolutions

• Are they based on Enlightenment ideals?

21
Social Classes in Latin America

• Rigidly stratified
• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Africans
  mulattos, Indians
• 1808, Napoleon replaced Spanish king w/ his
  brono Creole or Peninsular loyalty to the crown
• 1810 rebellion emerged

22
Independence for Spanish colonies

• Leaders of S.A. independence
• Simon Bolivar, creole from Venezuela
• Jose de San Martin, from Argentina
• Simon Bolivar, the Liberator

23
Simon Bolivar

• Studied Enlightenment philosophies
• Educated, visited Europe the United States of
  America
• Dreamed of creating a strong nation, called Gran
  Colombia
• 1821, led Venezuela to independence
• Went to Ecuador, met w/ San Martin
• 1816, achieved Argentine independence
• Freed Chile in 1818
• 1822, in command of revolutionary forces
• Battle of Ayacucho, December 1824, remaining
  Spanish colonies to independence

24
Simon Bolivars hopes

• Wanted greater prosperity for Latin America after
  independence
• Reality
• Destruction of cities, fields
• Economic devastation due to trade disruption
• Gran Colombia United Provinces of Central
  America divided into smaller national states w/in
  a few years
• Continual Creole rule (Evo Morales, Bolivia)

25
Independence for Mexico

• Initiated by mestizos, rather than the creole
• September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo
  encouraged rebellion against Spain
• March of mestizos Indians on Mexico City
  creole class ( Spanish) defeated Hidalgo in 1811
• Father Jose Maria Morelos took over revolution
  until defeated in 1815
• 1821 Mexico achieved independence from Spain,
  Treaty of Cordoba

26
The Mexican Revolution

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna served as president 4
  times
• Lost Texas a border dispute with the US
• Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ended Mexican War
• Benito Juarez (Indian) came to power in mid-19th
  C (deposed by Santa Anna in 1853)

27
Benito Juarez

• First term
• Redistributed land
• Increased educational opportunities
• Maintained sep of church state
• Returned to power in 1861
• French takeover of Mexico in 1862 Austrian
  archduke Maximilian ruled as puppet emperor
• 1867, resumed presidency
• Encouraged foreign trade
• Construction of railroads

28
Porfirio Diaz

• 1876, rose to power
• Authoritarian ruler of Indian descent
• Built banks railroads encouraged foreign
  investment
• Land distributed unevenly industrial workers had
  low wages poor working conditions
• Formation of new political parties

29
Beginnings and End of Revolution

• Francisco Madero (elite class), educated in US
  France believed in democracy
• Exiled to US by Diaz, called for revolution
• Leaders Emiliano Zapata Francisco Pancho
  Villa

30
More Mex. Revolution

• Marked by years of frequent assassinations and
  leadership changes
• Ended with murder of Zapata in 1919, by the hands
  of Carranza, one of the leaders of the revolution

31
Effects of the Mexican Revolution

• Revised Mexican constitution
• Promoted
• Land reforms
• Workers rights
• Education
• Legal rights granted to women (such as initiating
  lawsuits)
• New political party, Institutional Revolutionary
  Party, came to power in 1929, dominated 20th
  Century

32
Colonial Latin America, 1500-1750
33
The World in 1914