Food%20Resources

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• Food Resources

Feeding the World
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Instructions

• You will need to answer each question on a
  separate sheet of paper. Each question is in an
  orange box. There are 21 questions for this
  section. You may add extra paper if necessary.
• Save yourself time and do not write complete
  sentences. Some of the questions you may be able
  to answer without using the resource link.
• Look for the following symbol to click to find
  answers to the questions

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FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

• One of six people in developing countries cannot
  grow or buy the food they need.
• Others cannot meet their basic energy needs
  (undernutrition / hunger) or protein and key
  nutrients (malnutrition).

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FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

• The root cause of hunger and malnutrition is
  poverty.
• Chronic hunger (undernutrition) means not enough
  calories to be healthy vs. malnourished which
  means they get the calories, but diet lacks the
  correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates,
  vitamins and minerals
• Food security means that every person in a given
  area has daily access to enough nutritious food
  to have an active and healthy life.
• Need large amounts of macronutrients (protein,
  carbohydrates, and fats).
• Need smaller amounts of micronutrients (vitamins
  such as A,C, and E).

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Even when people have access to sufficient food,
a deficit in just one essential vitamin or
mineral can have drastic consequences.
What is vitamin A and what does it do? What
foods contain vitamin A? What happens if you do
not get enough vitamin A or if you get too much
vitamin A?
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Solutions Reducing Childhood Deaths from Hunger
and Malnutrition

• There are several ways to reduce childhood deaths
  from nutrition-related causes
• Immunize children.
• Encourage breast-feeding.
• Prevent dehydration from diarrhea.
• Prevent blindness from vitamin A deficiency.
• Provide family planning.
• Increase education for women.

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In the twentieth century, farming became more
mechanized, and the use of fossil fuel energy
increased. These changes have led to increasing
food output as well as a variety of environmental
impacts. Industrial agriculture, or
agribusiness, applies the techniques of the
Industrial Revolution-mechanization and
standardization-to the production of food.
Describe the environmental impacts of the Green
Revolution.
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Deforestation of tropical rainforest to make room
for cash crops
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Describe the pros and cons of monocropping.
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The number one use of water worldwide is for
agriculture
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What is an aquifer?
How much of the irrigated farmland in the U.S.
gets water from the Ogallala? What percent is
predicted to be depleted by 2060?
The Ogallala Aquifer ((pronounced OH-GA-LA-LA)
Recharge rate is about 0.5 inches per year
What are the effects of groundwater depletion?
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Describe the agricultural issues with
waterlogging.
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THE GENE REVOLUTION

• To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of
  similar types of organisms and mix the genes of
  different organisms.
• Artificial selection has been used for centuries
  to develop genetically improved varieties of
  crops.
• Genetic engineering develops improved strains at
  an exponential pace compared to artificial
  selection.
• Controversy has arisen over the use of
  genetically modified food (GMF).

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Mixing Genes

• Genetic engineering involves splicing a gene from
  one species and transplanting the DNA into
  another species.

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Genetically modified organisms (GMO) refers to
plants or crops that have been modified using
molecular biology techniques. These plants are
modified in labs or research centers with the
intention of enhancing its desired traits such as
pest resistance, enhancing nutrition, etc. There
are natural methods of doing this however
genetic modification ensures that it can be done
precisely and quickly. In addition to plants, now
animals are also being genetically engineered.
Describe the following benefits of GMOs pest
resistance, tolerance to herbicides, resistance
to disease and cold, tolerance to drought and
salinity, enhancing nutritional content, and
remedy for environmental pollution.
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What do we really know about GMOs?
Which fish do you think has been genetically
modified?
Describe the risks and controversies of the use
of GMOs. Explain the connection between Bt corn
and monarch butterflies.
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THE GENE REVOLUTION

• The winged bean, a GMF, could be grown to help
  reduce malnutrition and the use of large amounts
  of inorganic fertilizers.

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THE GENE REVOLUTION

• Controversy has arisen over the use of
  genetically modified food (GMF).
• Critics fear that we know too little about the
  long-term potential harm to human and ecosystem
  health.
• There is controversy over legal ownership of
  genetically modified crop varieties and whether
  GMFs should be labeled.

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Can you see the salt crystals?
What is soil salinization? How does salty soils
interfere with plant growth? Where does the salt
come from? Why is soil salinization more of a
problem in arid or semi-arid regions?
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Organic Fertilizer
Synthetic Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer
Compare and contrast synthetic fertilizer with
organic fertilizer as they relate to the
following source of NPK, advantages,
disadvantages, cost, and nutrient distribution.
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PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES PEST MANAGEMENT

• Organisms found in nature (such as spiders)
  control populations of most pest species as part
  of the earths free ecological services.

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PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES PEST MANAGEMENT

• We use chemicals to repel or kill pest organisms
  as plants have done for millions of years.
• Chemists have developed hundreds of chemicals
  (pesticides) that can kill or repel pests.
• Pesticides vary in their persistence.
• Each year gt 250,000 people in the U.S. become ill
  from household pesticides.

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Major Types of Pesticides
Type of Pesticide Examples Biomagnified?
Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT, dieldrin, chlordane Yes
organophosphates Malathion, parathion, diazinon No
Botanicals Rotenone, camphor No
Contact Herbicides Paraquat No
Systemic Herbicides 2,4-D, Roundup No
Fungicide Methyl bromide No
Fumigant Carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide Yes
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Bioaccumulation
What were the four advantages for using
DDT? Differentiate between bioaccumulation and
biomagnification.
Bioaccumulation describes the way pollutants
enter an ecosystem. Many human activities, such
as pesticide use and coal-burning, introduce such
harmful substances as DDT, methylmercury and
other organic chemicals into the environment.
These substances are collectively known as
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic substances, or
PBTs. Bioaccumulation occurs when a PBT enters an
organismthrough breathing, ingestion, or skin
contactmore quickly than the substance can leave
the organism. The organism now has a higher
concentration of the substance than the
surrounding environment. Source
http//www.ehow.com/list_5890741_effects-bioaccumu
lation-ecosystem.html
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PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES PEST MANAGEMENT
Which disadvantage do you think is the worse?
Explain.
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Superpests
Explain the connection between Roundup and pig
weed.
Pig weed
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Additional Examples of Superpests
Stink bugs in California resistant to
pesticides (people use shovels to remove them
from around their homes
Pesticide-resistant kudzu beetle causing problems
in south Georgia by eating our soybean crops
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What is a pesticide treadmill?
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The ideal Pesticide

• The ideal pest-killing chemical has these
  qualities
• Kill only target pest.
• Not cause genetic resistance in the target
  organism.
• Disappear or break down into harmless chemicals
  after doing its job.
• Be more cost-effective than doing nothing.

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Pesticides Kill Natural Pest Enemies and Create
New Pests

• Broad-spectrum pesticides kill natural predators
• New pests are unleashed once natural predators
  eliminated
• Currently 100 of the 300 most destructive insect
  pests in the U.S. were secondary pests

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Where do pesticides go?

• Bottom sediments
• Surface water
• Groundwater
• Air
• Food
• Humans
• Wildlife

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Each Year in the United States Pesticides Applied
to Cropland

• Wipe out 20 of the U.S. honeybee colonies and
  damages another 15
• Kill more than 67 million birds
• Kill 6 14 million fish (runoff from croplands)
• Menace about 20 of the endangered and threatened
  species in the U.S.

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Endocrine Disruptors
What are endocrine disruptors? What are sources
of endocrine disruptors? How can endocrine
disruptors affect my health?
This sturgeon shows both male and female
reproductive organs
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Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
  Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food
  and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales
  of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide,
  Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
• The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of
  10 of the active ingredients of all pesticides.

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Other Ways to Control Pests

• There are cultivation, biological, and ecological
  alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides.
• Fool the pest through cultivation practices.
• Provide homes for the pest enemies.
• Implant genetic resistance.
• Bring in natural enemies.
• Use pheromones to lure pests into traps.
• Use hormones to disrupt life cycles.

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Other Ways to Control Pests

• Biological pest control
• Wasp parasitizing a gypsy moth caterpillar. She
  will then lay her eggs inside caterpillar and
  when babies hatch they eat their way out

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Advantages of Biological Control

• Focuses on selected target species
• Is nontoxic to other species
• Can be self-perpetuating
• Minimizes genetic resistance

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Disadvantages of Biological Control Agents

• Can take years of research
• Cannot always be mass-produced
• Often are slower acting and more difficult to
  apply
• Must be protected from pesticides sprayed close
  by
• Can multiply and become pests themselves

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Other Ways to Control Pests

• Genetic engineering can be used to develop pest
  and disease resistant crop strains.

• Both tomato plants were exposed to destructive
  caterpillars. The genetically altered plant
  (right) shows little damage.

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Define IPM. How do farmers implement IPM to
control pest species? When will the farmers use
chemicals if they are using IPM? Why? Why is it
important to understand the pest life cycle?
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• Which of the following practices is NOT part of
  integrated pest management?
• Crop rotation
• Elimination of pesticides
• Use of pest-resistant crops
• Introduction of predators
• Frequent inspection of crops

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Industrial Food Production High Input
Monocultures

• Livestock production in developed countries is
  industrialized
• Feedlots are used to fatten up cattle before
  slaughter.
• Most pigs and chickens live in densely populated
  pens or cages.
• Most livestock are fed grain grown on cropland.
• Systems use a lot of energy and water and produce
  huge amounts of animal waste.

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PRODUCING MORE MEAT

• About half of the worlds meat is produced by
  livestock grazing on grass.
• The other half is produced under factory-like
  conditions (feedlots).
• Densely packed livestock are fed grain or fish
  meal.
• Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and less
  beef and pork reduces harmful environmental
  impacts of meat production.

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PRODUCING MORE MEAT
Which animal is cheaper to raise and has less
impact on the environment?
List in order from requiring most feed to least
feed to produce a pound of flesh turkey,
chicken, beef, fish, pork
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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
(CAFOs) Cattle Chickens Pigs
CAFOs Animal Feedlots
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What looks like small ants are cows
Waste Lagoon
If you eatyou must excrete.
The largest cattle feedlot in Nebraska is located
in Broken Bow. On 600 acres of land you will
find 85,000 head of cattle. How many cattle is
that per acre? Remember the front lawn of Milton
is about one acre.
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The effluent here is hog waste
Below hog waste spills from busted dam on waste
lagoon
The waste from these lagoons are sprayed on the
fields of bermuda hay as a natural fertilizer
Describe the following pollutants produced by
CAFOs pathogens, pharmaceuticals, excessive
nutrients, and harmful gases.
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Which single advantage and which single
disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Support your answer.
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More sustainable animal farming
Not all meat comes from CAFOs. Free-range
chicken and beef are becoming more popular in the
U.S. Free-range meat, if properly produced, is
more likely to be sustainable than meat produced
in CAFOs. Because the animals are not as likely
to spread disease as when they are kept in close
quarters, the use of antibiotics and other
medications can be reduced or eliminated. The
animals graze or feed on the natural productivity
of the land so less fossil fuel goes into the
raising of free-range meat. The manure and urine
are dispersed over the range area where it is
naturally processed by detritivores and
decomposers in the soil.
Compare and contrast free-range cattle with
cattle from a feedlot.
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Biodiversity Loss
Soil
Air Pollution
Human Health
Water
Loss and degradation of grasslands, forests, and
wetlands
Erosion
Water waste
Nitrates in drinking water
Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use
Loss of fertility
Aquifer depletion
Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and
air
Salinization
Increased runoff and flooding from cleared land
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use
Waterlogging
Desertification
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Sediment pollution from erosion
Contamination of drinking and swimming water with
disease organisms from livestock wastes
Greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide from
use of inorganic fertilizers
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Killing wild predators to protect livestock
Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides
and fertilizers
Belching of the greenhouse gas methane by cattle
Loss of genetic diversity of wild crop strains
replaced by monoculture strains
Bacterial contamination of meat
Overfertilization of lakes and rivers from runoff
of fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food
processing wastes
Pollution from pesticide sprays
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Fish is the third major source of food for
humans, after grain and meat. In many coastal
areas, particularly in Asia and Africa, fish
accounts for nearly all of the animal protein
that some people consume. A study in 2006 found
that 30 of fisheries worldwide had experienced a
90 decline in fish populations. The decline of
a fish population by 90 or more is referred to
as a fishery collapse.
Why have we seen an increase in ocean harvests
over the past 50 years? (four factors)
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CATCHING AND RAISING MORE FISH AND SHELLFISH

• Government subsidies given to the fishing
  industry are a major cause of overfishing.
• Global fishing industry spends about 25 billion
  per year more than its catch is worth.
• Without subsidies many fishing fleets would have
  to go out of business.
• Subsidies allow excess fishing with some keeping
  their jobs longer with making less money.

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Overfishing and Extinction Gone Fishing, Fish
Gone

• About 75 of the worlds commercially valuable
  marine fish species are over fished or fished
  near their sustainable limits.
• Big fish are becoming scarce.
• Smaller fish are next.
• We throw away 30 of the fish we catch.
• We needlessly kill sea mammals and birds.

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Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996)

• Focus shifted fisheries management from a focus
  on economic sustainability to a
  species-sustainability approach
• Protection of critical marine habitat important
  for both commercial fish species and non-target
  species
• No fishing until populations recover

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Aquaculture Aquatic Feedlots

• Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish in
  ponds and cages is worlds fastest growing type
  of food production.
• Fish farming involves cultivating fish in a
  controlled environment and harvesting them in
  captivity.

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Catfish aquaculture in Mississippi
What happens to the fish and the fish poo if
the river floods?
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Open ocean aquaculture
Two types of floating cages for aquaculture
Closed-circulation aquaculture
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There are many environmental problems associated
with aquaculture. Excess fish waste causing
algal blooms is just one of those environmental
issues.
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Environmental Risks of Marine Aquaculture

• Escape of non-native species
• Genetically modified organisms
• New diseases and parasites
• Sea lice on farm-raised salmon
• Drugs
• Antibiotics, hormones used on fish
• Heavy metals
• Found in fish meal used for food
• Fish sewage
• Unwanted algae problems
• Hypoxic zones (dead zones)

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Which of the following disadvantages do you think
is the worse? Explain.
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