The Sciences of Rhetoric ???? ???????

1
The Sciences of Rhetoric ???? ???????

• Outline
• Albalagha and Alfassaha
• Albalagha
• Alfassaha
• Allafdo
• Al-kalam
• Al-uslub
• Examples
• Ilmo Lmaani
• Examples
• Ilmo L-bayani
• Examples
• Ilmo Lbadi
• Examples

2
Al-balagha and Al-Fassaha

• Arabic Rhetoric belongs to their attributes into
  saying I have reached the desired cessation in
  speech, therefore achieved, and I have
  communicated that to someone else.
• Rhetoric is characteristic of speech, not of the
  speaker.
• Khalaf Alahmar said Rhetoric is a denotative
  glimpse (of speech).
• Alkhaleel son of Ahmed said Rhetoric is an
  expression that reveals the rest (of
  expressions).
• Almufaddal Addaby said I asked an Arab Bedouin
  what is Rhetoric or Albalagha in your (tribal)
  concept. He said (it is) conciseness without
  impotence and periphrasis without garrulousness.
• Albahit said Rhetoric is understanding and
  explanation, revealing the meanings, acquainting
  the syntax, dilating the expression, correcting
  the composition, knowing the meaning and style in
  performance, the rationality of reference and
  clarifying the connotation.

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3

• Rhetoric in the speech of the Arabs is its
  accordance to the necessary status.
• The necessary status differs according to the
  variation in context, starting from undefinite
  articles, emission, expounding and mentioning to
  what contrasts it in definite articles,
  limitation, delaying, omission, as well as
  disjunction, conjunction, laconism, periphrasis
  and parity.
• Rhetoric distinguishes the eloquent speaker from
  the rest by (him or her) being cautious about the
  mistake while performing the meaning.

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• ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
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• ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??
  ????? ??????

4

• Eloquence is manifestation and elucidation (of
  speech) attributed to their sayings Fulan
  expressed himself. and the dawn broke.
  (that is, appeared.)
• Abu Hilal Al Askary mentions that Eloquence (in
  speech) is the pertinence of the articulatory
  apparatus.
• Dyao Din Bno Latir mentions that Eloquence
  concerns the obvious and equivocal expression
  frequently used so that Eloquence pertains to the
  expression without the meaning.
• Eloquence is general and Rhetoric is specific
  whereas, every fluent speaker is expressive but
  not every eloquent speaker is fluent.

• ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??
  ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ???
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• ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????
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  ???? ????

5

• The expression or the word are to be considered
  eloquent if they are void of three things, namely
  the disharmony of letters, oddity and the
  violation of grammar.
• Speech and composition are to be considered
  eloquent if they dispose of three things, namely
  flabiness of composition, the incoherence of
  expressions and intricacy of both expression and
  meaning.

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6

• Acquaintance of the method is the knowledge of
  reducted meanings in common expressions in a way
  so close to attain the intended purpose of
  speech. The types of methods are three the
  scientific method, the literary method and the
  oratorical method or style.

• ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
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  ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????

7
??????

• ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ???? ?? ????
• Be t not agreed (upon) the affair that
  happeneth,
• Nor be t argued (over) the matter that settleth.
• ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?
  ????
• (Its) tresses are elevated to the air,
• Erring were twisted her hair in roll and
  dispatchment.
• ? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
• And the grave of Harb be t in a wild place,
• And there beside the grave of Harb be no grave.
• ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????
• Not read except one Muhamed with a book brother
  his.

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• ? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???
• We sent not an apostle except (to teach) in the
  language of his (own) people, in order to make
  (things) clear to them. (Sura Ibrahim, Verse
  four.)
• ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
• The Leader spred his (tongues) in the town.
• ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????
• ??? ??? ?? ????
  ??????
• No one resembles him among people except
  Mamlakun,
• Whose mothers father, alive, be his fathers
  relative.
• ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
• ? ???? ?????
  ?????? ??????
• I will request a distance from thy homes that ye
  be near,
• And my eyes would shed tears till they freeze.

9
??? ???????

• Arabic Rhetoric (in the traditionally orientated
  treatises) encompasses all the fields of study
  known as the Knowledge of Semantics, the
  Knowledge of Eloquence and Good Style and the
  Knowledge of Improving Rhetorics.
• Abd Elqahir Aljurjany founded the theory of the
  Knowledge of Semantics in his book Dalail
  al-ijaz and the theory of ilm al-bayan in his
  book the Secrets of Rhetorics, Assraro
  al-balagha whereas, Bno Lm utaz founded the
  basics of ilm al-badi.
• ilm al-maany depicts the conditions of the
  Arabic expression with which the necessary
  status identifies.

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  ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????
• ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??
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10

• Speech is divided (according to ilm lmaany)
  into khabar and inshae. Both alkhabar and inshae
  have two parts indicative and predicative. Thus
  alkhabar is what amends truth to the speaker or
  deciets. If the speech or expressions are
  identical to reality, the speaker is saying the
  truth, and if it is the opposite, the speaker is
  lying. It is not appropriate to call the speaker
  or writer in al inshae either telling the truth
  or lying, and every other sentence apart from
  this, with the exception of almudaf ilaih, is a
  limitation.

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11
??????

• Adb Alhamid Al Katib said Compete O ye
  company of writers in the brands of Literature
  and understand Din and start with the Knowledge
  of the Book of ???? , be glorified and be grand,
  then (learn) Arabic for it is the circulation of
  your speech and then ameliorate your calligraphy
  for it is the ornament of your books and recite
  poems, knowing its odd (examples) and meanings,
  the Days of the Arabs and non-Arabs and their
  tales and biographies for that all is assistant
  to you in all that transcends your determination.
  

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12
??? ??????

• Al-bayn (in etimology) is uncovering and
  explanation when we say Fulan is more clear than
  another Fulan (in speech) if his expressions
  become more apparent. In terminology it is a
  Science by which the ability to depict the sole
  meaning ( of an expression) within a range of
  different figures and compositions is to show
  that both (meaning and intelligible
  connotation) identify with the necessary
  status.
• Its motif is (to study) the Arabic expression and
  its fields (of study) are limited to Almajaz,
  trope that is.
• Abu Ubaydata Mamar Bno Matna founded ilm
  albayan in his book Majaz Alquran, Metaphor of
  the Quran, and followed him in that Aljahidz,
  Ibno Lmotaz, Qudamato Bno Jafar and Abu Hilal
  Al Askary. The Imam Abd Lqahir Aljurjany
  strengthened the basis of this Science.

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  ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ???????? ?? ???
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• ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?
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  ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????
• ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?
  ???????

• The intelligible connotation is understanding a
  matter out of another one. The first then is
  meaning or sense and the second is the indicator.
  This connotation is either expressive or
  non-expressive, divided into three parts
  identical connotation such as human and
  lion meaning only human and lion inclusive
  connotation such as house to mean the roof or
  the wall technical connotation such as jargons
  used for industries, legislation and linguistics.
• The basic components of this Science are simile,
  trope, metaphore and metonymy.

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• Simile is five parts transmitted simile is
  where the device (of simile) is mentioned
  confirmative simile is where the device and the
  simile are omitted epitomized simile is where
  the phase of simile is omitted elaborated
  simile is where the phase of simile is
  mentioned and the rhetorical simile is where
  the device and the phase of simile are omitted.
• Lingual trope is the adopted expression stated
  in a different context in a relationship along
  with a contexture.
• Dispatched trope has a relationship of
  causality, partiality, totality and the
  estimation of what was in the past and what could
  happen.
• Metaphor is a part of the lingual trope and it
  represents a simile from which one constituent is
  omitted.
• Metonymy is an expression given and by which a
  prerequisite is attached to the meaning with the
  possibility to refer to that (original) meaning.

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15
??????

• ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????
• (And) her lions in Ghaila khafari ashbalin (a
  place).
• ??? ?? ??? ?????
• (He) averted the back of Almijjan (a reptile) to
  him (someone).
• ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ?????
• We build just like our forefathers
• Used to build and we do like they did.
• ???? ? ?? ??? ??
• Traveleth he without no means (of
  transportation).
• ? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????
  ?? ??? ???????
• Money and family are but a deposit,
• And must there be a day to return (these)
  deposits.

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• ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????
• I am like water, if satisfied, in clarity
• But if irritated, I become a blazing fire.
• ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????
  ????
• If I win your love, wealth (then) is null
• And that everything above the soil is soil.
• ???? ?????? ????????? ????????
• And but earthily life is like a home,
• Weaven (by) the spider.
• ????? ??????? ? ???????
• Like unto rubies and coral. (Rahman 58.)

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• ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????
• The Scholar is the light of his nation in
  guidance and dispersing darkness.
• ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
  ????
• My homeland, though she aggrieves me, is too dear
• And my kinsfolk, if theyre stingy, are generous.
• ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
• (He it is Who) sendeth down Sustenance for you
  from the Sky. (Ghafir 13)
• ? ???? ??????? ???????
• To orphans restore their property (When they
  reach their age). (Nisaa 2)
• ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????
• For, if Thou dost leave (any of) them, they will
  but mislead Thy devotees, and they will breed
  none but wicked ungrateful ones. (Nuh 27)
• ????? ????? ???? ????????
• Then, let him call (for help) to his council (of
  comrades) We will call on the Angels of
  Punishment (to deal with him)! (Alaq 17 18)
• ?? ??????? ??? ????
• As for the Righteous, they will be in Bliss.
  (Infitar 13)
• ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
  ?????? ?????
• Have I never seen before my eyes to whom walked
  the Sea,
• Nor a man to whom stood to embrace the lions.

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??? ??????

• It is (a science) by which we ameliorate the
  figures of speech, keeping the accordance and the
  intelligible connotation. Its types exceed to
  two hundreds, among which we mention antithesis,
  comparison,homonymy, allegory and assonance.

• ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?
  ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ????
  ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????

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• Examples ??????
• ??????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? Thou wouldst
  have deemed them awake, whilst they were asleep.
  (Kahf 18)
• ????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????Let
  them laugh a little much will they weep.
  (Tauba82)
• ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????
  ??? ????On the Day that the Hour (of reckoning)
  will be established, the transgressors will swear
  that they tarried not but an hour. (Rum 55)
• ???????
• ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???
  ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
• Abu Bakrin Assidiq was asked about the Prophet
  while expatriating with him from Mecca to Medina
  who could be this (man)? And he answered This is
  a man who guides me in the pathway.
• ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????
  ???? ?????
• The defender of truth, of praised habits,
• Pious in doctrine, most useful and most harmful.

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Biography

• ??? ??????
• Abu Muhriz Khalaf bno Hayan Al-ahmar, among the
  scholars and Ulama of Albasra, was lecturing on
  Language and Grammar. He died in the year 180 of
  Hijrat.
• ?????? ?? ???? ?????????
• Abu Abd Rahman Al-khalil Al-faraheedy the
  Basrit, from Arabic origins in Al-azd in Uman,
  the founder of Arabic Prosidy, the teacher of
  Sibawaiha and the first to write an Arabic
  dictionary called Al ayn. His disciples were
  Sibawaihu, Nadr Bno Shamil, haroon bno Mussa
  Nahwy, Wahb bno Jarir, Al-assmai, Al-kisaii and
  Ali bno Nasr Al-jahddamy. He was a disciple to
  Aby Amrin bno Alae, Issa bno Umara Taqafy,
  Ayoub Asakhtyany, Assimo Lahwal, Alawamo bno
  Hawshabin, Ghalibo Lqattan and Abdo Lah bno Aby
  Isshaq Al-hadramy.
• ?????? ?????
• Abo Labass Almofaddal bno Mohamed bno Yaly bno
  Amir Addaby, great narrator of Arabic Poetry
  along with his contemporary Hammad the Rawyat and
  the first one to gather the Hanged Poems. He was
  a Ilwit Shiit from Al-kufa and fought against
  the Abassit. Almufaddal died in the year 168 of
  Hijrat.

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• ???? ????? ?? ??????
• Abu Lfath Dyao Din bno Latir Al-juzary Ashaibany,
  a Mann of Letters, a Grammarian and Ayoubit
  Vizier. He died in te year 637 of Hijrat.
• ??? ?????? ????????
• Abu Bakrin bno Abdi Rahman bno Muhamed
  Al-jurjany, from Persia, knowledgeable of Arabic
  Grammar and Literature. He was a disciple to Abu
  Lhussain bno Lhassan bno Abdi Lwarit Al-farissy
  Anahwy, Abu Lhassan Al-qady Ali bno Abd laziz
  Al-jurjany and Assahib bno Abbad.
• ??? ??????
• Abdu Lah bno Lmutazy bi Lah, the Abassit
  Khalif, also called the Khalif of one day and one
  night, was a poet and a man of Letters. He was
  killed in the year 296 of Hijrat.
• ??? ?????? ??????
• Abdo Lhamid bno Yahya bno Sad Al-Amiry, a
  famous Umayds writer. He was killed by the
  Abassit in the year 132 of Hijrat.
• ??????
• Abu Utman Amr bno Bahr bno Mahbub Al-kinany
  Al-layty Al-basry. He wrote in History, Politics,
  Literature, Ethics, Plants and Animals, Women and
  plenty other fields. He died in the year 255 of
  Hijrat.
• ????? ?? ????
• Abu Lfaraj Qudama bno Jafar bno Qudama bno
  Zyadin The Baghdady. He was a Christian who
  became Muslim, a famous philosopher and Man of
  Letters. He died in the year 337 of Hijrat.
• ??? ???? ???????
• Al-hassan bno Abdi Lah bno Sahl bno Said bno
  Mahran Al-askary, a poet and Man of Letters from
  Al-ahwaz.
• ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????

22
Bibliography

• The Holy Quran, A. Yusuf Ali, published by Amana
  Corp., 1983.
• ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1967 ?
• ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ???????
• ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  1985
• ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ?
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 1912
• ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
  ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ??????? ????? 1985
• ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 1985
• ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?
  ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? 1935
• http//grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm.htm
• JALT Journal of Arabic Linguistic Tradition at
  www.jalt.net

23
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