KEY%20CONCEPT%20The%20nervous%20system%20and%20the%20endocrine%20system%20provide%20the%20means%20by%20which%20organ%20systems%20communicate.

1
KEY CONCEPT The nervous system and the endocrine
system provide the means by which organ systems
communicate.
2
The bodys communication systems help maintain
homeostasis.

• A stimulus causes a response.
• Responses can be chemical, cellular, or
  behavioral.
• The nervous and endocrine systems respond to
  stimuli.

3

• The nervous system controls thoughts, movement,
  and emotion.

• The endocrine system controls growth,
  development, and digestion.

4
The nervous and endocrine systems have different
methods and rates of communication.

• The nervous system works quickly, using chemical
  and electrical signals.

• interconnected network of cells
• signals move through cells
• divided into central nervous system (CNS) and
  peripheral nervous system (PNS)

5

• The endocrine system works more slowly.

• only chemical signals
• signals move through bloodstream
• physically unconnected organs

6
KEY CONCEPT The senses detect the internal and
external environments.
7
The senses help to maintain homeostasis.

• Senses gather stimuli, and send it to the nervous
  system.
• Nervous system responds to stimuli.
• Pupils shrink when too much light enters the
  eyes.
• Goose bumps when cold air touches skin.

8
The senses detect physical and chemical stimuli.

• The eye contributes to vision.
• Photoreceptors sense light.
• Two photoreceptors work together rod cells and
  cone cells.

9

• The ear contributes to hearing.

• mechanoreceptors called hair cells
• bend in response to vibrations

10

• Taste and smell use chemoreceptors.

• Taste uses tongue, and smell uses nose.
• Chemoreceptors detect chemicals dissolved in
  fluid.

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• The skin senses touch.

• Mechanoreceptors detect pressure.

• Pain receptors detect damaged tissue.

• Thermoreceptors detect temperature.

12
KEY CONCEPT The central nervous system
interprets information, and the peripheral
nervous system gathers and transmits information.
13
The nervous systems two parts work together.

• The CNS includes the brain, brain stem, and
  spinal cord.
• The PNS includes four systems of nerves.

14

• The CNS and PNS pass signals between one another.

• Sensory receptor generates impulse.
• PNS passes impulse to CNS.
• CNS interprets impulse.
• CNS passes impulse to PNS.
• PNS stimulates a response.

15
The CNS processes information.

• The brain has three parts.
• cerebrum controls thought, movement, emotion
• cerebellum allows for balance

• brain stem controls basic life functions

16

• The brain stem has three parts.

• midbrain controls some reflexes
• pons regulates breathing
• medulla oblongata controls heart function,
  swallowing, coughing

17

• The spinal cord controls reflexes.

• sensory neuron sends impulse to spinal cord
• spinal cord directs impulse to motor neuron
• does not involve the brain

18
The PNS links the CNS to muscles and other organs.

• The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary
  movements.
• The autonomic nervous system controls
  involuntary, functions

• sympathetic nervous system fight vs. flight

• parasympathetic nervous system calms the body,
  conserves energy

19
KEY CONCEPT The endocrine system produces
hormones that affect growth, development, and
homeostasis.
20
Hormones influence a cells activities by
entering the cell or binding to its membrane.

• Glands are organs of the endocrine system.

21

• Hormones are chemical signals that influence
  cells activities.

• produced by glands
• travel through the circulatory system
• affects cells with matching receptors

22

• There are steroid hormones and nonsteroid
  hormones.

• Steroid hormones enter the cell.
• Nonsteroid hormones do not enter the cell.

nucleus
Chemical reactions
23
Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act
throughout the body.

• There are many glands located throughout the body.

• Hormones travel through the bloodstream to cells
  with matching receptors.

24
The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous and
endocrine systems.

• a structure of both the nervous andendocrine
  systems
• produces releasing hormones,sent to pituitary
  gland
• The pituitary gland is found below the
  hypothalamus in the brain.
• controls growth and waterlevels in blood
• produces releasing hormones sent throughout the
  body

• The hypothalamus is a gland found in the brain.

25

• Releasing hormones stimulate other glands to
  produce hormones.

• allow glands to communicate with one another
• are used in temperature regulation

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Hormonal imbalances can cause severe illness.

• Abnormal hormone levels affect homeostasis.
• Hormonal imbalances might be treated with surgery
  or medicine.
• Steroids, a pituitary tumor, or some prescription
  drugs can make the pituitary overactive and
  indirectly cause problems.