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Achieving Energy Sustainably

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Title: Achieving Energy Sustainably


1
Achieving Energy Sustainably
  • Chapter 13

2
Renewable Energy
  • Nonrenewable Refresher
  • a. petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium
  • Renewable Energy
  • a. biomass potentially renewable
  • b. solar, wind, geothermal,
  • hydroelectric, and tidal
  • - nondepletable

http//bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/668210__69
0868__
3
  • Facts about Renewable Energy
  • a. 13 of energy used worldwide
  • b. biomass most widely used today
  • c. 7 of energy use in US (biomass and
    hydroelectricity)
  • d. more sustainable than nonrenewable, but
    still has
  • environmental impacts

4
Using Energy Less
  • Energy Conservation and Efficiency
  • a. conservation ways to use the source less
  • 1. locally
  • - turning down thermostat when out of
    house
  • - turning off lights when not in the
    room
  • 2. government
  • - taxing electricity, oil, and natural
    gas
  • - offer rebates or tax credits
  • 3. can increase efficiency by conserving
  • - get the same amount of work from
    using less
  • energy

5
  • b. sustainable design
  • 1. passive solar heating
  • - solar radiation maintaining building
  • temperatures
  • - carefully placed windows (heating and
    lighting)
  • - dark-colored roofs v. light-colored
    roofs
  • 2. green roofs
  • 3. recycled denim insulation in walls and
    ceilings

http//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/gre
en-science/green-rooftop.htm
6
Biomass
  • Fuel Types
  • a. wood, charcoal, animal wastes, plant
    remains,
  • and municipal solid waste (MSW)
  • b. ethanol and biodiesel (biofuels)
  • United States
  • a. 2/3 wood
  • b. 1/3 MSW and biofuels

7
  • Solid Biomass
  • a. wood
  • 1. heating, pulp and paper industries,
    power plants
  • 2. sustainable if forest growth is able to
    keep up
  • b. charcoal
  • 1. contains more energy than wood
  • 2. produces less smoke
  • c. manure
  • 1. indoor heating and cooking
  • 2. reduces risk of disease transmission,
    but does give
  • off pollutants causing respiratory
    illnesses

8
  • Biofuels
  • a. ethanol
  • 1. derived from mostly corn products
  • 2. sugarcane, wood chips, crop waste, or
    switchgrass
  • 3. US world leader in production of
    ethanol, Brazil
  • second
  • 4. Gasohol
  • - ethanol mixed with gasoline
  • - produces less air pollutants
  • - reduces gas mileage

9
  • b. biodiesel
  • 1. derived from soybean oil or processed
  • vegetable oil
  • 2. typically diluted to B-20
  • 3. lower emissions of CO compared to
  • petroleum diesel

http//bionews-tx.com/news/2013/05/27/benefuel-fli
nt-hill-resources-to-develop-us-biodiesel-projects
/
10
Hydroelectricity
  • Hydroelectricity electricity generated by the
    kinetic energy
  • of moving
    water
  • 2nd most common form of renewable energy in U.S.
    and world
  • Most widely used for electricity generation
  • China worlds leading producer, followed by
    Brazil and U.S.
  • Water-impoundment, run-of-the-river, and tidal
    energy

11
  • Amount of electricity depends on 2 factors
  • a. flow rate
  • 1. amount of water that flows paste a
    certain point
  • per unit time
  • 2. higher the flow rate more KE, more
    electricity
  • b. vertical distance water falls
  • 1. greater the distance more PE water
    has, more
  • electricity

12
  • Approaches of Hydroelectricity
  • a. run-of-the-river
  • 1. water retained behind low dam, runs
    through channel
  • 2. advantages
  • - little flooding upstream
  • - seasonal changes in river flow
    not interrupted
  • 3. disadvantages
  • - small
  • - intermittent electricity
    generation
  • - no electricity generated when
    hot and dry

13
  • b. water impoundment systems
  • 1. water stored in reservoir behind
    dam
  • 2. most common method
  • 3. largest in U.S. Grand Coulee Dam
    in Washington
  • State
  • 4. largest in world Three Gorges Dam
    in China

14
  • c. tidal systems
  • - movement of water driven by the
    gravitational pull
  • of the moon
  • - use gates and turbines to capture KE of
    moving
  • water flowing through estuaries,
    rivers, etc
  • - can be disruptive to coastlines

15
  • Sustainable Practice?
  • a. expensive to build, but minimal fossil
    fuel once built
  • b. no air pollution, waste, or CO2
  • c. reservoir provide recreational
    opportunities
  • d. environmental impacts
  • 1. force people to relocate
  • 2. disrupt a free-flowing river
  • 3. reservoirs contain less oxygen than
    free-flowing

16
Solar Energy
  • Passive Solar Heating
  • a. solar ovens
  • b. carefully placed windows, dark v. light-
  • colored

17
  • Active Solar Energy
  • a. captures sunlight with use of technology
  • b. solar heating systems
  • 1. provides hot water, heating swimming
    pools
  • 2. backup is available for cloudy or
    cold days
  • c. photovoltaic systems
  • 1. capture energy from Sun as light, not
    heat and convert
  • directly into energy
  • 2. solar panels

18
  • d. concentrating solar thermal systems
    (CST)
  • 1. use lenses and tracking systems
    to focus the
  • sunlight on a large area into a
    small beam
  • 2. heat of beam evaporates water,
    produces steam
  • that turns turbine to generate
    electricity
  • 3. uses lots of land
  • 4. cant generate electricity at
    night

19
  • Advantages of active solar energy
  • a. no air pollution, water pollution or CO2
  • b. produces electricity when needed the most
  • c. economically feasible
  • Drawbacks
  • a. solar panels are expensive to manufacture
    and install,
  • requires lots of energy and water, and
    involves toxic
  • metals and chemicals

20
Geothermal Energy
  • Geothermal Energy
  • a. heat that comes from natural radioactive
    decay
  • of elements deep within the Earth
  • b. geyser and springs
  • c. direct source of heat, generate
    electricity
  • d. United States, China, and Iceland
    largest
  • producers

21
  • e. nondepletable as long as we dont deplete
  • the groundwater source
  • f. drawback
  • 1. hazardous gases emitted from power plant

http//commerce.mt.gov/energy/geothermal.mcpx
22
Wind Energy
  • Wind Energy
  • a. largest amounts of electricity generated
    by
  • wind California and Texas
  • b. wind turbine
  • 1. converts KE of moving air into
    electricity
  • 2. wind parks

http//www.pterra.com/index.php/transient-temporar
y-and-ground-fault-overvoltages-at-wind-farm-insta
llations/
23
  • c. advantages
  • 1. produces no air pollution, no
    greenhouse
  • gases
  • 2. wind farms can share land with other
    uses
  • d. disadvantages
  • 1. rely on batteries
  • 2. noise
  • 3. appearance
  • 4. kill birds and bats

http//sayanythingblog.com/entry/federal-wildlife-
officials-give-their-blessing-to-killing-endangere
d-birds/
24
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
  • Fuel cell
  • a. operates like a battery
  • b. produces electricity as long as it is
    supplied
  • with fuel
  • c. free hydrogen gas
  • 1. rare
  • 2. explosive
  • 3. obtain through electrolysis

http//butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/Enlist/Labs/F
uelCellLab/FuelCell.html
25
  • d. alternative energy source?
  • 1. 80 efficient creating electricity and
  • byproduct is water
  • 2. need a safe delivery of hydrogen (could
  • explode)
  • 3. hydrogen-fueled car can use an electric
  • motor

26
Improving Electrical Grid
  • Smart Grid
  • a. efficient, self-regulating network that
  • accepts any source of electricity and
  • distributes it
  • b. coordinates energy use with energy
  • availability
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