CHAPTER%20ONE%20Studying%20Adult%20Development%20and%20Aging - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CHAPTER%20ONE%20Studying%20Adult%20Development%20and%20Aging

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Title: Adulthood and Aging Author: Neil C. Davis Last modified by: Owner Created Date: 1/20/2003 9:47:02 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CHAPTER%20ONE%20Studying%20Adult%20Development%20and%20Aging


1
CHAPTER ONE Studying Adult Development and Aging
2
Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging
  • Gerontology The study of aging from maturity
    through old age
  • AGEISM a form of discrimination against older
    adults based on their age.
  • Lets review the results of our class Ageism
    Survey

3
The Life Span Perspective (LSP)
  • LSP views life from conception to death
  • LSP divides human development into two phases
  • 1. Early (infancy, childhood, and adolescence)
  • 2. Later (young adulthood, middle age, and old
    age)

4
The Life Span Perspective
  • Paul Baltes (1987) identified FOUR key features
  • 1. Multidirectionality development involves
    both growth and decline
  • 2. Plasticity ones capabilities potential
    are not fixed

5
The Life Span Perspective
  • 3. Historical context development occurs within
    a certain set of historical circumstances
  • Cohort a group of people who share historical
    influences of a particular time
  • 4. Multiple causation
  • development is influenced by
  • biological, psychological,
  • sociocultural, and life-cycle
  • forces.

6
Biopsychosocial framework
  • Forces of development
  • Biological forces genetic
  • and health-related factors
  • Psychological forces internal perceptual,
    cognitive, emotional, and personality factors
  • Sociocultural forces interpersonal, societal,
    cultural, and ethnic factors
  • Life-cycle forces provide a context in which all
    the other forces may combine and interact

7
The Demographics of AgingPopulation Trends in
the United States
  • July 1, 2000

8
The Demographics of AgingPopulation Trends in
the United States
  • Projected to July 1, 2025

9
The Demographics of AgingPopulation Trends in
the United States
  • Projected to July 1, 2050

10
The Demographics of AgingPopulation Trends in
the United States
  • Projected to July 1, 2100

11
Interrelations between the Forces Developmental
Influences
  • Normative age-graded influences occur to most
    people at the same age

12
Interrelations between the Forces Developmental
Influences
  • Normative history-graded influences events that
    most people in a specific culture experience at
    the same time.

13
Interrelations between the Forces Developmental
Influences
  • Non-normative influences random/rare events that
    happen to an individual

14
There are at least 3 distinct aging processes
  • Primary aging normal and disease-free
    development during adulthood
  • Secondary aging developmental
  • changes that are related to disease,
  • lifestyle, and environmentally induced changes
    that
  • are not inevitable
  • Tertiary aging rapid losses that occur shortly
    before death (cognition changes, etc.)

15
Definitions of Age
  • Chronological age age in years since birth
  • Perceived age the age you think of yourself as
  • Biological age where one is in relation to
    possible life span
  • Psychological age Involves functioning levels
  • Sociocultural age refers to expected roles one
    has in relation to others

16
Core Issues in Development
  • The nature-nurture issue Do genetics or
    environment shape the individual?
  • The stability-change issue Do people remain the
    same over time?
  • The continuity-discontinuity controversy Is
    development smooth or does it occur in abrupt
    shifts?
  • Plasticity capacity is not fixed and can be
    changed
  • The universal versus context-specific
    development controversy Is development the same
    for everyone all over the world?

17
Research Methods
  • Research often starts with a hunch about a
    phenomenon.
  • In order to conduct research, one must form a
    hypothesis, a testable statement that predicts an
    outcome.
  • Do you think that computer games can increase
    ones cognitive abilities?
  • Hypothesis Using Lumosity for at least 20
    minutes per day will increase cognitive abilities

18
Research MethodsSystematic Observation
  • Researchers carefully and systematically observe
    and record behavior without interfering with
    behavior
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Purpose is to observe how people or animals
    behave in their natural environments.
  • Laboratory (Structured) observation
  • Purpose is to observe how people or animals
    behave in a more controlled setting.

19
Research MethodsCase study
  • A detailed description of a particular individual
    being studied or treated, which may be used to
    formulate broader research hypotheses

20
Research MethodsSelf Reports/Surveys
  • Questionnaires and interviews ask people about
    experiences, attitudes, or opinions
  • Social desirability the tendency of
    participants to respond in a way they think is
    socially acceptable or desirable rather than how
    they truly feel or think

21
Correlational Research Design
  • A correlational study looks for a consistent
    relationship between two phenomena
  • Correlation A statistical measure of how
    strongly two variables are related to one
    another.
  • Correlation coefficients can range from -1.0 to
    1.0.

22
Direction of correlations
  • Positive correlations
  • An association between increases in one variable
    and increases in another, or decreases in one
    variable and decreases in the other.
  • Negative correlations
  • An association between increases in one variable
    and decreases in another.

23
Explaining correlations
  • Correlations show patterns, not causes.
  • Third variable effect or confounding variable an
    alternative explanation for the cause of a
    behavior or event other than the expected cause
  • Correlational analysis can not rule out
    confounding variables.

24
Experimental Research Design
  • Allows psychologists to determine the cause of a
    behavior by controlling for confounding variables
  • Experiment a controlled test of a hypothesis in
    which the researcher manipulates one variable to
    discover its effect on another

25
Variables of interest
  • Independent variables
  • Variables the experimenter manipulates
  • Dependent variables Variables the experimenter
    predicts will be affected by manipulations of the
    independent variable(s)

26
Representative sample
  • A subgroup that accurately reflects the
    population about which the researcher wishes to
    draw conclusions

27
Research groups
  • Experimental Group exposed to the variable of
    interest (treatment)
  • Control Group a comparison condition in which
    subjects are treated like the experimental group
    except for the variable of interest
  • Hypothesis A testable statement that predicts an
    outcome.
  • Example Using Lumosity for at least
  • 20 minutes per day will increase
  • cognitive abilities

28
Conducting Research Ethically
  • Minimize risks to research participants.
  • Describe the research to potential participants.
  • Avoid deception.
  • Results should be anonymous or confidential.

29
Research Methods
  • Reliability Consistency in findings
  • Validity Does research measure the phenomenon of
    interest?

30
Designs for Studying Development
  • Cross-sectional designs test or observe people
    of different ages at the same time
  • Longitudinal designs test or observe the same
    individuals repeatedly at different points in
    their lives
  • Sequential designs represent different
    combinations of cross-sectional or longitudinal
    studies
  • Meta-analysis Integrates findings from
    different studies
  • Powerful tool
  • Determines whether a finding generalizes across
    many studies that used different methods
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