Cellular Metabolism

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Cellular Metabolism
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• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• ADP adenosine diphosphate
• - product of ATP

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• ADP P O Energy ATP
• Anabolism
• ATP ADP P O Energy
• Catabolism

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• ATP is synthesized by adding a phosphate group
  (Pi), to ADP. Energy is required to form this
  high-energy bond. When ATP is used in a chemical
  reaction, the energy released and made available
  to cells to do work.

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• ATP is a specific nucleotide. What makes ATP
  different from other nucleotides such as
  cytosine, thymine, guanine, and adenine, is that
  it is used widely as a carrier of chemical
  energy. ATP is adenine with three phosphate
  groups attached. The bond connecting the
  phosphate molecules to adenine are highly
  energetic bonds.
• Locate this in your lab book.

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• Two of the phosphate groups, which are easily
  broken down to release energy, are added in a
  covalent bond during processes such as
  respiration. ATP is used to drive active
  transport, and other chemical reactions such as
  photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.

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• ATP is broken down by hydrolysis (reaction with
  water), which yields adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
  inorganic phosphorous, and energy.

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ADP/ATP Cycle
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Catabolic Processes

• metabolic process that breaks down molecules into
  smaller units

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Catabolic Processes

• Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic
  acid in the cytoplasm of the cell its the
  oxidation of glucose.
• -anaerobic does not require oxygen
• -this reaction provides
• 2 ATP molecules
• 2 pyruvic acid molecules
• -not an efficient method

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• This anaerobic process of glycolysis enables the
  cell to continue generating ATP when the
  mitochondrial activity alone cannot meet demand.
  
• Not efficient because the mitochondria can
  produce 18 X more ATP per single glucose
  molecule. Lots of energy is still locked away
  inside the pyruvic acid molecules. The only way
  to get it is with the use of oxygen.

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Glycolysis

• http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
  io231/glycolysis.html

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Krebs Cycle

• AKA TCA Cycle, citric acid cycle
• Occurs inside the mitochondria, removes hydrogen
  atoms from organic molecules and transfers them
  to coenzymes.
• The electrons in these hydrogen atoms contain
  energy that can be used by the mitochondria to
  generate ATP.

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• A complete revolution of the TCA cycle removes
  the two added carbon atoms, regenerating the
  four-carbon chain. The two removed carbon atoms
  generate two molecules of CO2, a waste product.
  The hydrogen atoms are removed by coenzymes and
  delivered to the electron transport chain.

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• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Removes two carbon atoms due to coenzymes
• Hydrogen atoms are delivered to the ETC to
  generate ATP

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• The only immediate value of the TCA cycle is an
  immediate ATP molecule (per pyruvic acid for a
  grand total of 2 ATP). The real value in this
  cycle is the fact they deliver H atoms to the
  ETC.

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Electron Transport Chain

• Coenzymes in the mitochondria matrix deliver
  hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain
  the electrons are removed and passed from
  cytochrome to cytochrome, losing energy in a
  series of small steps.
• Most important mechanism for the generation of
  ATP (provides 95)

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• At the end of the ETS, an oxygen atom accepts the
  electrons, creating an oxygen ion (O2-). This
  ion is very active, and quickly combines with
  Hydrogen ions (H) to form a water molecule.
• Fore each glucose molecule broken down 32
  molecules of ATP will be generated.