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Animal Behavior

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Title: Animal Behavior


1
Animal Behavior
  • Ch. 51.1-2 40.2

2
  • Ethology the study of behavior
  • How is this happening?
  • Proximate causation-how a behavior occurs
  • Genetic basis, physiologic, innate response to a
    stimulus
  • Why is this happening?
  • Ultimate causation- why a behavior occurs
  • Finding food, regulating temperature,
    courtship/mating, communication

3
  • What is behavior?
  • an action carried out by muscles under control of
    the nervous system in response to a stimulus
    (based on physiological systems and processes)
  • everything an organism does and how it does it,
    response to stimuli in the environment
  • essential for survival and reproduction and
    subject to natural selection
  • purpose may include communication with other
    organisms
  • examples songbirds, courtship, scent marking,
    hunting, maintain homeostasis, migration etc.

4
  • Behavioral stimuli may be..
  • Environmental
  • Hormonal
  • sign (color, object, another organism)
  • Scent
  • circadian rhythms (daily behavior cycles
    triggered by light and dark)
  • physiologic (internal)

5
Animal Communication
  • signal stimulus from one organism to another
  • communication reception of signals
  • may be visual, chemical, tactile, auditory,
    pheromones
  • communication/behaviors are closely related to an
    organisms lifestyle and environment (will
    determine the type of communication used)

6
  • Innate behaviors
  • all individuals in a population exhibit the same
    behavior despite environment/lifestyle
    differences
  • automatic, fixed, built in response
  • triggered by a stimulus
  • example migration, hibernation
  • Learned behaviors
  • modification of a behavior based on experiences
  • triggered by a stimulus but variable
  • social learning- learning through observing
    others
  • associative learning-associate one environmental
    feature with another
  • classical conditioning (stimulus associated with
    outcomepositive/negative reinforcement)
  • Pavlovs dogs
  • operant conditioning (trial and error learning)
  • Push lever to get food (mice)
  • example tool usage, hunting techniques
  • https//www.youtube.com/watch?vJA96Fba-WHk

7
  • Homeostasis-maintaining internal balance
  • organisms behavior will change in an effort to
    maintain balance either internally or with the
    environment
  • negative feedback reduces the stimulus
    (returning to a normal state)
  • temperature regulation, insulin/glucose balance
    in blood
  • positive feedback amplifies the stimulus (takes
    farther from normal state)
  • labor/birth
  • carbon emissions and global warming

8
  • Taxis change in direction, move away from
    (negative) or toward (positive) a stimulus
    (directional)
  • Chemotaxis (chemical)
  • Phototaxis (light)
  • Kinesis change in rate of movement in response
    to a stimulus (non-directional)
  • Like stimulus (move slowly)
  • Dislike stimulusagitated (move quickly)
  • Social Behaviors interactions between
    individuals (evolutionary adaptations)
  • language, dominance, altruism, cooperation,
    imprinting
  • Habituation loss of response to stimulus

9
Videos
  • Birds of Paradise https//www.youtube.com/watch?v
    W7QZnwKqopo
  • Honey Bees https//www.youtube.com/watch?vnga4Z_H
    RUsU
  • Sage Grouse https//www.youtube.com/watch?vm0M8pZ
    nNlnI
  • Monkeys and tool usage (life series)
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