Review

1
Review

• Hint game

2
Patriarchal

• Men as hunters
• Men as traders and warriors
• Men as head of family
• Societal Structure

3
River Valleys

• Yellow
• Indus
• Nile
• Where we find the earliest agricultural societies

4
Mesopotamia

• Sumer
• Babylonians
• In present day Iraq
• between the rivers

5
Pastoralism

• Fertile crescent goats
• Typically nomadic
• Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

6
City-state

• Sumer
• Sparta
• Maya
• Political structure independent cities that had
  their own legal and social structure

7
Bronze Age

• Minoans
• Hittites
• Shang
• Ancient Egypt
• Age that predated the Iron Age

8
Hammurabi

• Ancient King of the Akkadians
• Law codes based on class

9
Phoenicians

• Carthage
• Sea People
• Alphabet

10
Nubians

• Connected Egypt to interior of Africa
• Ruled Egypt in 9th C the Black Pharaohs of
  Egypt
• Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as
  Meroe
• People of the bow

11
Minoans

• Inhabited the Aegean
• Bronze Age civ
• Flush toilets
• Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their
  capitol of Knossos on Crete

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Diffusion

• Spread of ideas
• Spread of diseases
• Spread of well, everything
• Ex Bantu language and culture spread from W.
  Africa to all reaches of sub-Saharan Africa

13
Iron Age

• Assyrians
• First to initiate were the Hittites
• An age that first started with the Mycenaens
• Democratized metallurgy but an age

14
Alexander the Great

• Macedonian
• Father was Phillip II
• Educated by Aristotle
• Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door
  for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may
  have met him)
• Hellenized Persia
• Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

15
Hellenism

• Greek colonization of Persia and the
  Mediterranean
• Ex Rome adopts Greek mythology
• Ex Greek influences in the Middle East
• Like Greece

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Classical Empires

• Before 600CE
• Empires with strong militaries and centralized
  governments
• All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the
  Asian Steppe
• Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

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Rome

• Kingdom, Republic, Empire
• Italy
• City-state that grows to conquer most of Western
  Europe and the Mediterranean
• Split in two
• Defeated by barbarians

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Mediterranean Trade

• Network on the Roman Lake
• Carthage and Rome attempt to control it
• Key reason for the spread of the Black Death to
  Europe
• Ottomans and Venetians vie for control
• Battle of Lepanto was largely due to this network

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Punic Wars

• Rome vs Phoenicians
• Phoenician Carthage, that is
• 2nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and
  his elephants
• Third war Rome devastated Carthage

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Augustus

• Adopted heir of Julius Caesar
• Octavian
• First emperor of Rome
• More stringent laws and focus on family values
  (Pater-familias)
• Ushers in the Pax Romana

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Pax Romana

• Ushered in by Augustus
• Roman Peace
• Empire had expanded enough to create buffer
  states that provided security for citizens and
  merchants

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Athens

• Greek city-state
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Early democracy
• Defeated the Persians at Marathon
• Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground
  but then rebuild it.

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Marathon

• Persian vs. Greek
• Athenian victory
• Angers Persia
• Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an
  attempt to defeat the Greeks

24
Maurya Empire

• Founder may have met Alexander
• Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to
  the rise of the Maurya

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Celts

• First peoples to settle Europe
• Settled a land called Gual
• Eventually will make their way North to Ireland

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Dynastic Cycle

• Continuation of norms in China
• From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang
  to Song
• Probably the main reason that the fall of Western
  Europe was so much worse on the region than the
  fall of the Han in China
• Round and round she goes

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Zhou

• Dynasty constantly at war
• Spring and Autumn period (dont be fooled,
  kingdoms were warring)
• Warring States period (kingdoms banded together
  to form states and kept on fighting)
• Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

28
Qin

• United China (of course it all falls apart a few
  more times)
• Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of
  China)
• Dynasty that followed Zhou

29
Han

• Strong centralized government
• Bureaucrats placed in high positions
• Strong military to defend their northern
  frontiers
• Founded by Liu Bang
• Dynasty that followed the Qin
• Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led
  to their downfall

30
Vedic Age

• Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India
  and started this period
• Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda)
• Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and
  Dravidian languages
• Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste
  system

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Caste System

• India
• Reinforced by Hinduism especially reincarnation
• Rejected by Buddhism
• Class system

32
Constantinople

• Earlier known as Byzantium
• City on the Bosporus
• First Roman Christian City
• Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy
  Wisdom)
• Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul
• Founded by Constantine

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Diaspora

• Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel,
  destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern
  Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in
  586BCE).
• Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in
  the Indian Ocean
• Africans brought to the New World and to areas of
  the Middle East
• Means dispersion

34
Gupta

• Classical Empire
• India
• Theater State
• Defeated by White Huns

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The Huns

• From the Asian Steppe
• Pastoral nomads
• Pushed German tribes into Europe
• Attila

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Germanization

• During and after the fall of Rome
• People groups entering Europe at the end of the
  Classical Age
• Changed the culture and structure of Europe from
  Latin to German

37
Olmec

• Americas (Mesoamerica)
• Mother Culture
• Big Heads
• Were-jaguars and sacrifices

38
Dao

• Belief system in China
• The Way
• Harmony between humanity and nature
• Founded by Laozi

39
Apostle Paul

• Roman Citizen
• Spread Christianity
• Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome

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Legalism

• Another response to the constant fighting during
  the Zhou
• Ideas embraced by the Qin
• Men need strict laws and strict leaders to
  function well in society

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Judaism

• Belief system with origin in the Middle East
• Dualism
• Covenant between Hebrew people and God
• Abraham is the patriarch

42
Confucianism

• China
• Response to Warring States Period
• Social Harmony
• Created strict social hierarchy
• Examination system was based on these ideals

43
Hinduism

• India
• Polytheism
• Aryan origins
• Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs
  along with the Vedas
• Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E.
  Asia

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Buddhism

• Indian Origin
• Response to Caste System and reincarnation
• Rejected by India
• Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E.
  Asia
• Rejected by the Tang Dynasty
• Founder Siddhartha Gautama

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Christianity

• Middle Eastern Origin
• During the Roman Empire
• Paul and others spread this belief system through
  the Eastern Mediterranean
• Branches Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and
  later Protestantism

46
Islam

• Middle Eastern Origin
• Arabian Peninsula
• Mecca
• Founder Muhammad
• Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and Spain in
  the 7th and 8th Centuries
• Spreads across the Indian Ocean
• Acheh Sultanate

47
Byzantine Empire

• Eastern Mediterranean
• Eastern Roman Empire
• Justinian and Theodora
• Defeated the Muslims in 717
• Influenced Kiev, then Russia
• Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror)

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Justinian

• Eastern Roman Emperor
• Regained N. Africa and Rome
• Plague ravaged his Empire
• Wife was a former dancer
• He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy
  taxation, ended in the slaughter of the rebel
  leaders)

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Indian Ocean Trade

• Trade Network
• Becomes the most important trade network in the
  8th C.
• Engines of trade were India and China
• Trade entrepots found throughout
• Trade Diasporas
• Arabic becomes the dominant trade language

50
Great Schism

• Split in Christianity
• East vs. West
• Question that caused the split Who should be
  head of the church?
• Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic

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Mongols

• Pastoralists
• Opened trade from E. to W.
• Extended the silk routes
• Allowed for diffusion of goods, technologies and
  disease
• Conquered or controlled most of the people in
  Eurasia
• Established the Yuan Dynasty
• Defeated by Japantwice

52
Eastern Orthodox

• Looks Greek
• Starts in Constantinople
• Emperor is political and religious head
• Kiev takes on this form of Christianity, which
  will continue East into Russia

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Feudalism

• Social hierarchy
• Middle Ages Europe
• 15th C. Japan
• knightssamurai
• Pyramid Structure
• Begins to die in Europe following the Black Death

54
Swahili

• Language
• Trade language
• East African Coast

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Gunpowder

• Began in China
• Weaponized by Song
• Utilized effectively by Mongols
• Brought to Europe by Mongols
• European enhancement in this gave them an upper
  hand throughout the world
• Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur

56
Tang

• China
• Capital Changan
• Tributary states
• Empress Wu (bodhisattva)
• Rejection of Buddhism
• After Sui, before Song

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Ghana

• Empire in West Africa
• Means land of gold
• Captured by the Arabs
• Becomes predominantly Muslim

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Mali

• Followed Ghana
• West Africa
• Mansu Musa
• Great trade City Timbuktu

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Bodhisattvas

• Mahayana Buddhism
• Empress Wu of the Tang
• Buddhists who stay behind to help others find
  nirvana

60
Song

• China
• Great manufacturing capacity
• Defeated by the Mongols
• Followed the Tang

61
Venitians

• Trade city
• Avoided the pitfalls of other European cities
  during the Dark Ages
• Monopolized trade flowing into Europe
• Chief competitor was the Ottoman Empire
• City in Italy (the armpit of Italy)

62
Yuan

• Dynasty in China
• Paper money
• Reunited China (once again)
• Strengthened the economy
• Founded by Kublai
• Mongol Dynasty in China

63
Timur

• Created his empire in the Middle East
• Followed in the shadow of the Mongols
• Emerged from a power vacuum
• Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis
• Defeated the Delhi Sultanate
• Laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire
• Had a bad leg

64
Ming

• China
• Defeated the Mongols
• Kicked out the Yuan
• Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on huge
  treasure junks
• Defeated by the Manchu

65
Aztec

• Mexican people
• Migrated south to Lake Texcoco
• Chief god was huitzilopochtli
• Capital Tenochtitlan
• Used chinampas for agriculture
• Blood sacrifices were a part of life
• Defeated by Cortes

66
Delhi Sultanate

• India
• Followed the power vacuum left by the Gupta
• Brought Islamic rule to India
• Initially brutal, but later benign
• Defeated by Timur

67
Southernization

• After the fall of Rome
• Trade and power shifts towards the Middle East
  and Asia
• Indian ocean becomes most important trade network

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Ibn Battuta

• Traveler
• Moroccan
• Dar al Islam
• May have made it to the Chinese Court (but
  probably not)

69
Vikings

• Northern Europe
• Raiders
• Reached height during the 9th C
• Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in France
  and parts of present day UK
• Located and inhabited Iceland
• Found the Americas (Newfoundland)
• Eirik the Red

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Black Death

• Diffusion
• Mongols and Caffa blamed
• Yersina Pestis
• It is the rats fault!
• 1/3 of Europe wiped out
• Gave peasants more power

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Pax Mongolica

• Mongols
• Merchants could travel safely
• Wars on the Asian steppe halted
• Mongol Peace

72
Dar al Islam

• Areas of Islam
• Home of Islam
• Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled

73
Renaissance

• Rebirth
• of Classical Age
• Muslims Scholars in Baghdad save Greco-Roman
  writings
• Florence, then North
• Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the Medici