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Classification

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Classification grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Classification


1
Classification
  • grouping of different types of organisms based
    upon similarities in structure and evolutionary
    relationships

2
WHY CLASSIFY?
  • In order to more easily study the unity and
    diversity of living organisms in an organized
    manner, biologists classify organisms
  • This means that they group organisms together
    based on their common characteristics
  • Physical structure is often the primary basis for
    biological classification

3
Early classification
  • Animals Plants
  • With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the
    1600s many new organisms were discovered
  • This was the basis for the change in the
    classification system
  • Now DNA is providing a more accurate way to
    classify organisms.

4
BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
  • Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
  • (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
  • ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens
  • Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the
    species name
  • Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
  • -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

5
MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
  • DOMAIN
  • KINGDOM
  • PHYLLUM
  • CLASS
  • ORDER
  • FAMILY
  • GENUS
  • SPECIES

6
HOW TO REMEMBER THAT
  • DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

7
KINGDOMS
  • The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following
    criteria
  • 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane
  • 2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity
  • 3. Type of nutrition

8
Domain Arachae
Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent
Dead Sea
Volcano
9
Archaebacteria
  • Prokaryotic (no nucleus )
  • most primitive and often live in extreme
    environments
  • There are 3 types salt loving, heat loving
    methane loving
  • unicellular
  • Reproduce asexually
  • Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

10
Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria)
  • bacteria and blue green algae
  • have a primitive cell structure
  • no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane
    (Prokaryotic)
  • Unicellular, reproduce asexually
  • Some are autotrophic (sulfur bacteria) and some
    are heterotrophic
  • E. coli, Staph, Anthrax
  • About 4,000 named species

11
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12
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  • The Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, organelles and
    other complex structures.

13
Domain Eukarya
14
Kingdom Protista
  • Eukaryotic. Most are unicellular (some
    multi-cellular) organisms with plant or
    animal-like characteristics
  • examples include protozoa such as Euglena,
    Paramecium, Amoeba and all algae except the
    blue-green
  • have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
  • Classification of Protists Most protozoa can
    move and are divided into phyla based on their
    means of LOCOMOTION (movement) cilia (little
    hairs), flagella (whip-like tail), pseudopod
    (false foot)
  • Can reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic
  • About 80,000 named species

15
Animal Like
Plant Like
16
  • Animal-like Protists
  • Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
  • They can live in fresh or salt water, in the
    soil, or in the bodies of other organisms
  • Plant-like Protists
  • Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE,
    diatoms or phytoplankton
  • They contain chloroplasts and are therefore
    AUTOTROPHIC

17
Plant and Animal like Protists
  • The Euglena
  • exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like
    characteristics
  • contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • contains a flagellum, which is used for
    LOCOMOTION
  • euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
    depending on the environment
  • In a light environment euglena would be
    AUTOTROPHIC
  • In a dark environment the euglena would be
    HETEROTROPHIC

18
Euglena
Diatoms
Paramecium
19
KINGDOM FUNGI
  • examples include yeasts, mildews, molds, and
    mushrooms
  • Eukaryotic, all are multi-cellular except for
    yeast which is unicellular
  • All absorb digested food from the external
    environment (heterotrophic) do not require
    sunlight and are often found in dark, moist
    places
  • Some reproduce asexually by budding others
    reproduce sexually with spores
  • Typically live in moist, dark environments

20
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21
Kingdom Plantae
  • Multicellular, eukaryotic - possess chloroplasts
    and cell walls
  • Autotrophic, make their own food through
    photosynthesis
  • Reproduce sexually (see Gizmo) but can sometimes
    be asexual, like strawberry runners or by taking
    clippings
  • Can be vascular (meaning they have xylem and
    phloem tubes to transport substances) such as
    trees, ferns, and flowers
  • Can be nonvascular such as mosses
  • About 270,000 named species

22
Classification of Plants
23
ONION CELLS FROM LAB NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF
PLANT CELLS THE DISTINCT CELL WALL
24
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25
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes
plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovule
(like a pine cone). Gymnosperm means as "naked
seed". By definition, fruits are the structures
that develop from maturing flower ovaries, and
seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries.
Therefore, since gymnosperms have no ovaries,
they do not produce real fruits, at least not in
the botanical sense. Because no fruit tissue
surrounds gymnosperm seeds, the seeds are said to
be "naked." When early scientists wanted to
express the term "naked seed" using word roots
from classical Greek, they chose gymnos, which
means "naked," and sperma, which means "seed,"
and came up with "gymnosperm." This group is
often referred to as softwoods. Gymnosperms
usually have needles that stay green throughout
the year and scale-like coverings on the
branches. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces and
firs. Some gymnosperms do drop their leaves -
ginkgo, dawn redwood, and bald cypress, to name a
few.
26
Gymnosperm Reproduction
27
Angiosperms
  • Flowering, seed-bearing plants. From the greek
    Angeion meaning receptacle or vessel and
    sperma, meaning seed. Seeds with 2 cotyledons
    are dicots, di meaning 2. Seeds with only one
    cotyledon are called monocots, with mono meaning
    one. Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of
    plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by
    the ovule (think of an apple).

28
Angiosperm Reproduction
Gizmo
29
Monocot vs Dicot
Dicot Two cotyledons Netted veins Petals in
multiples of 4 or 5s Vascular bundles in a
radial pattern
Monocot Single cotyledon Parallel veins Petals
in multiples of 3s Vascular bundles random
30
Kingdom Animalia
  • Eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms which ingest
    their food heterotrophic
  • Most reproduce sexually, but some reproduce
    asexually through budding such as a hydra or
    through regeneration, such as a starfish

31
Invertebrate Phyla
  • Porifera -- Sponges
  • Cnideria -- jellyfish other stinging organisms
  • Platyhelminthes Flat worms
  • Nematoda Round worms
  • Annelida Segmented worms
  • Arthropoda -- Insects, crabs and others
    w/jointed legs
  • Mollusca -- snails, clams, oysters, squid,
    octopus etc.
  • Echinodermata spiny skinned such as sea star,
    sea urchin

32
Vertebrate Phyla
  • -- Mammals
  • -- Birds
  • -- Reptiles
  • -- Amphibians
  • -- Fish

33
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34
Sources
  • www.iteachbio.com
  • www.unitedstreaming.com
  • http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
  • http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
  • ClipArt, PowerPoint
  • http//www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/forsite/idtype.htm
  • http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
    ages/P/Plants.html
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