Cell Differentiation

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Cell Differentiation

• SNC2D

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Tissues

• Although all cells in your body contain the same
  DNA, they are not all alike.

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Tissues

• Although all cells in your body contain the same
  DNA, they are not all alike. They have different
  functions and therefore different forms.

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Tissues

• Groups of cells that work together to perform the
  same function are called tissues.

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Tissues

• Groups of cells that work together to perform the
  same function are called tissues.
• In animals, the 4 types of tissues are

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Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue is made of cells that are
  tightly packed together to form a protective
  barrier. It lines the outer surface of the body
  and body cavities.

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Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue joins and supports structures.
  It includes tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage,
  blood, and fat.

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Muscle Tissue

• Muscle tissue includes both skeletal muscles that
  help you move and smooth and cardiac muscles that
  help your organs move.

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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and sends
  signals through the body.

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Plant Tissues

• There are similarly 4 types of tissues in plants
  vascular, (epi)dermal, ground, and meristematic.

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Vascular Tissue

• Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients
• xylem moves water and minerals up from the
  roots phloem moves the photosynthesized sugar
  around

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(Epi)dermal Tissue

• Epidermal tissue forms the protective outer
  covering and allows the exchange of materials
  (e.g. O2 and CO2) in and out of the plant
  (through stomata).
• Section of a leaf

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Ground Tissue

• Ground tissue provides support, stores water and
  nutrients, and is where photosynthesis happens
  (in the specialized mesophyll).
• Section of a leaf

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Meristematic Tissue

• Meristematic tissue (e.g. onion root tips) is
  where growth occurs.

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Meristematic Tissue

• The cells in meristematic tissue are stem cells
  unspecialized cells that can become other
  specialized types of cells when exposed to
  special environmental conditions
  (differentiation).

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Meristematic Tissue

• The cells in meristematic tissue are stem cells
  unspecialized cells that can become other
  specialized types of cells when exposed to
  special environmental conditions
  (differentiation).
• Stem cells also exist in animals, e.g. in the
  skin, blood and neural tissues of adult humans.

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Stem Cells

• Embryonic stem cells can become any type of cell.

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Stem Cells

• Understanding stem cells is important to
  understanding how the body can repair itself. . .
  .

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Regeneration

• Regeneration is the process whereby a body part
  is regrown (by the process of mitosis).
• E.g. salamanders can regrow tails and even
  amputated limbs

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Regeneration

• Humans have a more limited ability to regenerate.
  However, researchers have been able to
  regenerate adult fingertips

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Regeneration

• . . . and have taken cells from patients to
  regrow parts of organs in labs, which are then
  transplanted back into the patients

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Future Treatments

• Researchers are also trying to discover how
  stem-cell-related treatments can be used to help
  the body fight cancers and recover from
  degenerative diseases like Parkinsons or
  Alzheimers.

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The Future Is Now

• 10 November 2010 Blood Breakthrough at Mac in
  the Hamilton Spectator

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To Do

• Answer the questions related to the Blood
  Breakthrough at Mac article
• View the prepared slides of different types of
  tissues with the microscopes
• Answer 1 5 on p. 41 and 1 5 on p. 45