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The Constitution

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Title: The Constitution


1
The Constitution
  • Chapter 5
  • What led to the creation of the United States
    Constitution, and what are its key principles?

2
(No Transcript)
3
Why do we need a federal government?
  • 1. On what occasions, or for what reasons, do
    people turn to the federal government?
  • 2. What do people expect the federal government
    to do to help after natural disasters?

4
A Confederation of StatesSection 1
  • What form of national government did the Patriots
    create initially, and what events revealed that a
    new government was necessary
  • Terms and People
  • republic Northwest Territory
  • unicameral legislature bicameral
    legislature
  • Articles of Confederation John Dickinson
  • federal Shays Rebellion
  • Land Ordinance of 1785
  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

5
Standards
  • SSUSH 5 The student will explain specific
    events and key ideas that brought about the
    adoption and implementation of the United States
    Constitution.
  • a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of
    Confederation and Daniel Shays Rebellion led to
    a call for a stronger central government.
  • b. Evaluate the major arguments of the
    anti-Federalists and Federalists during the
    debate on ratification of the Constitution as put
    forth in The Federalist concerning form of
    government, factions, checks and balances, and
    the power of the executive, including the roles
    of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
  • c. Explain the key features of the Constitution,
    specifically the Great Compromise,
    separation of powers, limited government, and the
    issue of slavery.
  • d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a
    protector of individual and states rights.
  • e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of
    George Washington and John Adams include the
    Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe,
    and the development of political parties
    (Alexander Hamilton).
  •   
  • SSUSH 6 The student will analyze the impact of
    territorial expansion and population growth in
    the early decades of the new nation.
  • a. Explain the Northwest Ordinances importance
    in the westward migration of Americans, and on
    slavery, public education, and the addition of
    new states.

6
Sec 1 A Confederation of States
A Confederation of States
Early State Governments   Main Idea In 1776,
each new state created a constitution and called
for a republic, or government in which the people
elect representatives. However, people thought
differently about how to design a
republic. Congress Creates the Articles of
Confederation Main Idea In 1777, the
Continental Congress drafted the original
constitution for the union of the states. This
constitution was known as the Articles of
Confederation. Congress Creates a Plan for
Western Lands Main Idea The national congress
created plans for settling and governing the
Northwest Territory. By selling this land to
speculators and farmers, the Congress hoped to
raise revenues and extend Americas republican
society westward. Conflicts With Spain and
Britain Main Idea During the mid-1780s, the
Spanish and British did not take the new United
States seriously. The Spanish forbade American
trade with New Orleans, and Britain rejected Adam
Smiths new doctrine of free trade in favor of
traditional mercantilism. Continued
7
George Washington
  • After the Revolutionary War ended, Washington
    gave up command of the army and went home
  • The years after the American Revolution were
    difficult due to disorganization and economic and
    political problems.
  • Strong state governments versus strong central
    government?
  • Nationalists wanted a stronger national
    government, while other people wanted to block
    any attempt to form a strong central government.

8
Problems
  • Wealthy, educated gentlemen felt ordinary
    citizens had too much power
  • Economic problems debt of 50 million, owed by
    states and national governments
  • Excessive debt resulted in inflation, heavy taxes
    on goods going to other states, powerful state
    legislatures

9
WholesalePriceIndex1770-1789
10
Articles of Confederation Government 1781-1789
11
Early Government
  • 13 separate states
  • Confederation an alliance of separate
    governments that work together
  • Democracy a government by the people
  • People wanted a republic a government run by the
    people through their elected representatives

12
State Constitutions
  • Republicanism.
  • Most had strong governors with veto power.
  • Most had bicameral legislatures.
  • Property required for voting.
  • Some had universal white male suffrage.
  • Most had bills of rights.
  • Many had a continuation of state-established
    religions while others disestablished religion.

13
Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the
End of the War
14
Occupational Composition of Several State
Assembliesin the 1780s
15
  • No Chief Executive
  • Each state had one vote in Congress
  • Laws needed approval by 9 of 13 states
  • Congress did not have the power to tax
  • Congress could not draft an army
  • No national court system
  • Any changes (amendments) to the Articles required
    a unanimous 13 vote
  • Congress did not have the power to collect states
    debt owed to national government
  • Congress did not have the power to settle
    disputes among states

FEATURES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
16
Analyzing the Articles of Confederation
  • Why was this included?
  • Did not want to have another powerful executive
    like King George
  • Wanted to protect Individual States power, feared
    a strong central government
  • Fear of being unfairly taxed as they had been by
    the British
  • Fear of a central government with a strong army
    that might take away rights
  • Fear of a central Government with a court system
    that might be unfair to states
  • Wanted to make sure states had a strong say in
    the shaping of our government
  • Fear of a strong central government that could
    force states to pay for things they did not want
  • Wanted states to have ultimate authority in
    resolving disputes

17
Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation
  • Created a loose confederation of strong state
    governments
  • A unicameral Congress 9 of 13 votes to pass a
    law.
  • 13 out of 13 to amend.
  • Representatives were frequently absent.
  • Could not tax or raise armies.
  • No executive or judicial branches.

18
Quick Study Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
QUICK STUDY
19
Land Ordinance of 1785
  • Law passed by Congress that developed a system of
    dividing the lands northwest of the Ohio River,
    known as the Northwest Territory
  • It divided the land into 36 square mile townships
  • Each section of a township was 1 square mile or
    640 acres and sold for a minimum of 1.00 an acre
  • A typical farm was 160 acres

20
Land Ordinance of 1785
21
Focus on Geography Settling the Northwest
Territory
Settling the Northwest Territory
FOCUS ON GEOGRAPHY
22
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Plan for governing
western lands
  • One of the major accomplishments of the
    Confederation Congress!
  • Statehood achieved in three stages
  • Congress appointed 3 judges a governor to
    govern the territory.
  • When population reached 5,000 adult male
    landowners ? elect territorial legislature.
  • When population reached 60,000 ? elect delegates
    to a state constitutional convention.

23
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
  • Law that stated how new states would be created
    out of the territory
  • Ohio 1803
  • Indiana 1816
  • Illinois 1818
  • Michigan 1837
  • Wisconsin 1848
  • Congress would appoint a territorial governor and
    judges
  • When a territory had 5000 voting residents, they
    could write a temporary constitution and elect a
    government
  • When a territory had 60,000 in population, they
    could write a state constitution, which had to be
    approved by Congress

24
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
25
Transparency Changing the Government
Changing the Government
TRANSPARENCY
26
Annapolis Convention (1786)
  • 12 representatives from 5 statesNY, NJ, PA, DE,
    VA
  • GOAL ? address barriers that limited trade and
    commerce between the states.
  • Not enough states were represented to make any
    real progress.
  • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting
    of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to
    examine areas broader than just trade and
    commerce.

27
Shays Rebellion 1786-1787
  • Daniel Shays
  • Western MA
  • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

28
Transparency Shays Rebellion
Shays Rebellion
TRANSPARENCY
29
Shays Rebellion
  • To repay war debt, Massachusetts passed highest
    tax ever to be paid in specie
  • Specie gold or silver coin worth more than
    paper money
  • Farmers in western part hit hard as courts seized
    their possessions
  • Daniel Shays, war vet, led a rebellion that drove
    off tax collectors and forced courts to close

30
Shays Rebellion 1786-1787
31
Shays Rebellion
  • Fighting broke out, but Congress had no money for
    an army
  • The state government finally gathered an army and
    quieted the rebellion in January 1787
  • Demonstrated that rebels would defy any
    government if it acted against peoples wishes
  • Many farmers left for Vermont or New York
  • Shays, sentenced to death, eventually gets freedom

32
Shays Rebellion 1786-1787
There could be no stronger evidence of the want
of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
33
Results of Rebellion
  • Need to strengthen the national government to
    avoid civil unrest
  • May 1787 convention in Philadelphia 12 states
    (Rhode Island did not come)

34
Nationalists
  • Nationalists were men who wanted to strengthen
    the national government
  • Washington, Franklin, James Madison, and
    Alexander Hamilton were famous nationalists
  • Believed that America was a model for the world

35
The Case For A New Constitution
36
Constitutional Convention
  • Philadelphia 1787 - Independence Hall
  • Heat
  • Privacy
  • Rain
  • opened on May 25, 1787
  • convention of the well bred, well fed, the well
    read, and the well-wed.
  • lawyers, landowners, planters
  • educated
  • MIA - Thomas Jefferson and John Adams
  • James Madison - Father of the Constitution

37
The Constitutional Convention
  • In 1787, delegates to a convention in
    Philadelphia created a new plan of government,
    the Constitution of the United States.

38
Foundations of the Constitution
  • League of Iroquois - state governs own affairs
    but unites for defense
  • Magna Carta - limit power of governor
  • Parliament - 1st representative legislature
  • John Locke - basic human rights protected
  • Montesquieu - separation of powers

39
Governments after the Revolution
40
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41
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 1
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
42
Indian Land Cessions1768-1799
43
The United States in 1787
44
Drafting the ConstitutionSection 2
  • What new system of national government did the
    delegates agree upon at the Constitutional
    Convention of 1787?
  • Terms and People
  • Alexander Hamilton Great Compromise
  • James Madison federalism
  • Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
  • Three-Fifths Compromise

45
Drafting the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention Main Idea Many
Americans believe the Articles of Confederation
needed revisions. Consequently, 12 of the 13
states sent delegates to a special convention in
Philadelphia in May 1787. The delegates goal was
to design a new and improved plan of
government. Rival Plans of Government Main
Idea Before a constitution could be written and
approved, the delegates needed to come to an
agreement about what it should contain. To
achieve this goal, they advanced and debated a
number of proposals for several months, including
the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey
Plan. Settling Differences Through
Compromise Main Idea The delegates were far
from a unanimous decision concerning a structure
of a new government. The Great Compromise, which
drew points from both the Virginia and New Jersey
plans, outlined a potential solution.
46
Constitutional Convention
  • First met in Annapolis in 1786
  • 55 men met in May 1787 in Philadelphia to revise
    the Articles of Confederation
  • Every state sent delegates except Rhode Island
  • George Washington elected president of the
    Convention
  • Wrote the U.S. Constitution

47
James Madison
  • Educated man who studied for a year about how to
    craft a new government
  • College of New Jersey (Princeton) shy man
  • He believed that people are naturally selfish and
    that man could control himself through a proper
    government.
  • He believed that a proper government required a
    Constitution.

48
Divisions Among Men
  • Disputes among states and violence such as Shays
    Rebellion raised fears that the fragile nation
    might collapse
  • Choice
  • to amend or revise the Articles of
    Confederation or to form a new government
  • James Madison brought a plan with him

49
Constitutional Convention
  • Madison had spent a year studying books on
    history, government, and law
  • James Madison kept a record of the proceedings.
    He will become president in 1809. He is known as
    the Father of the Constitution.

50
The Virginia Plan
  • Edmund Randolph of Virginia called for a
    bicameral legislature
  • The number of representatives would be based on
    population
  • Critics of the plan were concerned that a strong
    President would gain king-like power

51
Provisions of Virginia Plan
  • 1. Added powers, including the right to tax to
    raise revenue and the right to regulate foreign
    and interstate commerce
  • 2. Veto power over any state legislature
  • 3. The proposed government would have three
    branches executive, legislative, and judicial
  • The states with large populations supported the
    Virginia Plan

52
New Jersey Plan
  • Proposed by William Paterson of New Jersey and
    favored by small states
  • 1. Would give Congress the power to tax and
    regulate foreign and interstate commerce
  • 2. Would create executive and judicial branches
  • 3. Would give every state an equal vote in a
    unicameral Congress

53
The Great Compromise
  • Created a legislative branch of 2 houses Senate
    with two representatives per state, and a House
    of Representatives, with seats based on each
    states population

54
Diagram Compromise Leads to a Plan of Government
Compromise Leads to a Plan of Government
DIAGRAM
55
Three-Fifths Compromise
  • Question of how to count slaves to determine a
    states population?
  • If all slaves were counted, the Southern states
    would be very powerful if none counted the
    Southern states would be very weak
  • Compromised to count three-fifths of a states
    slave population to determine representation
    resulted in more representation for southern
    states

56
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
57
Transparency Dissenters to the Constitution
Dissenters to the Constitution
TRANSPARENCY
58
Lasting Document
  • September 17, 1787, final draft approved
  • Specific enough to not be misinterpreted
  • Flexible enough to adapt to social, economic,
    political, and technological changes
  • Amended just 27 times
  • Many nations have modeled their governments after
    our Constitution

59
Inspiration
  • We the People of the United States, in Order to
    form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,
    insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the
    common defence, promote the general welfare, and
    secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and
    our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
    Constitution for the United States of America

60
PREAMBLE a preliminary statement of purpose
  • Preamble (Goals)
  • Form a more perfect union
  • Establish justice
  • Ensure domestic tranquility
  • Provide a common defense
  • Promote general welfare
  • Secure liberty

61
3 Branches Today
  • Legislative Congress, makes laws
  • Executive President, enforces laws
  • Judicial courts and judges who interpret laws
  • Constitution Plan of government that describes
    the different parts of the government and their
    duties and powers

62
Federal Government
  • Power is shared among state and national
    authorities
  • Reserved Powers reserved for the states
    exampleeducation
  • Delegated Powers powers delegated to the federal
    governmentdeclaring war
  • Concurrent powers federal and state governments
    hold powerstaxation

63
Federal System
64
Separation of Powers
  • Legislative, executive, and judicial branches
    would all have their own areas of authority
  • Checks and balances each branch checks or stop
    others
  • The Senate is more removed from people
  • Senate give advice and consent to President
  • House bills regarding taxes introduced there

65
Separation of Powers (Defines responsibilities
for each branch) Checks and Balances
P.136 in Text
Can remove president from office Can Override
Presidential Veto
Executive Branch President Carries out the Laws
Legislative Branch Congress Makes the Laws
Can veto acts of congress
Can declare acts unconst
Can refuse to approve judges
Can appoint judges to Supreme Court
Can declare acts unconstitutional
Vocabulary Federalism Reserved Powers Delegated
Powers Concurrent Powers
Vocabulary Veto Override Impeach Electoral College
Judicial Branch Supreme Court Interprets Laws
66
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 3
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
67
Congress
  • House determined by population representatives
    serve two-year terms makes them more responsible
    to the people
  • Senate elected by state legislatures, not
    voters serve six-year terms every two years,
    only 1/3 are up for elections give advice and
    consent to the president

68
Congress
  • Only Congress can
  • Coin money
  • Declare war
  • Raise an army, provide a navy
  • Regulate commerce

69
Elastic Clause
  • Make all Laws which shall be necessary and
    proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
    Powers, and all other Powers vested by this
    Constitution of the U. S
  • U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause
    18
  • Congress would have the authority to pass any
    laws necessary to carry out its duty

70
President
  • Executive officer
  • Commander of the armed forces
  • Power to veto acts of Congress
  • Term of four years could be reelected
  • The President is limited to two terms today
  • (22nd Amendment, 1951)

71
President
  • Chosen by a vote of electors from each state
    indirect election
  • Electors equal same number as in Congress
  • Electoral College
  • The House of Representatives would make the
    decision if there was no clear winner with each
    state getting one vote.
  • This situation occurred in 1800 and 1824.

72
Federal Courts
  • National court system members chosen by the
    President with advice and consent of the Senate
  • President chooses the judges
  • Judges hold office for life
  • Supreme Court details are left vague in the
    Constitution Congress developed the federal
    court system

73
Constitution
  • Writing of the Constitution finished in 1787
  • Required the approval of nine of the thirteen
    states

74
Decision Point Should delegates to the
Constitutional Convention ratify the Constitution
Should delegates to the Constitutional Convention
ratify the Constitution
DECISION POINT
75
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 2
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
76
Ratifying the ConstitutionSection 3
  • How did Americans ratify the Constitution, and
    what are its basic principles?
  • Terms and People
  • ratification popular sovereignty
  • Federalist limited government
  • Antifederalist separation of powers
  • The Federalist checks and balances
  • John Jay electoral college
  • Bill of Rights

77
Ratifying the Constitution
The Struggle Over Ratification   Main Idea Two
groups quickly emerged in the debate over the
Constitution the Federalists who favored
ratification of the Constitution and the
Antifederalists who opposed it. Initially, the
Federalists gained more support than the
Antifederalists. Ratifying Conventions Main
Idea By mid-January of 1788, the Federalists had
won ratification in five states. However, the
Antifederalists mounted a strong fight in the
remaining states whose support the Federalists
sought. Principles of the New Constitution
Main Idea The Republic established by the
Constitution of the United States became a symbol
of freedom to countries around the world. Key
principles of the Constitution included popular
sovereignty, limited government, separation of
powers, federalism, checks and balances, and
representative government. The Constitution
Endures Main Idea The Constitution is a
relatively brief document, consisting of only
7,000 words. Some politicians, like Thomas
Jefferson, argued that it should be interpreted
literally to restrict federal power. Most
Federalists, including George Washington,
insisted that the Constitution be read broadly to
allow for the expansion of federal power when
necessary.
78
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
79
Vocabulary
  • Ratify to approve 9 of 13 states had to approve
    it
  • Federalists supporters of the Constitution
    during the debate over its ratification favored
    a strong central government
  • Antifederalists An opponent of the Constitution
    during the debate over ratification opposed the
    concept of a strong central government
  • Faction a group that is concerned only with its
    own interests
  • Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the
    Constitution
  • Federalism state and national governments share
    power

80
Federalists
  • Wanted the Constitution to provide a strong
    central government
  • George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander
    Hamilton

81
The Federalist
  • Articles that appeared in New York newspapers in
    1787 1788
  • Written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay
  • The Federalist, No. 10, written by Madison,
    stated that no one group or faction could control
    the government due to the size of the United
    States.
  • The purpose of the essays was to persuade the New
    York State convention to ratify the Constitution

82
Antifederalists
  • Opposed the Constitution believed that the
    Federalists plan threatened state governments
    and the rights of individuals by concentrating
    too much power in the hands of a few
  • Patrick Henry no real plan
  • People in more isolated regions had less need for
    a strong national government
  • Feared that a President would be like a king

83
Antifederalist vs. Federalist Factions
  • Antifederalist concern
  • Constitution will give national govt too much
    power
  • President will be just like a king
  • Individual liberties will be threatened by a
    powerful govt
  • Federal govt could come under control of one
    powerful faction
  • Federalist response
  • enough power to solve the countrys problems
  • system of checks and balances will limit
    presidents power
  • Bill of Rights will protect citizens freedom
  • Country is too big to be dominated by on faction

84
Why The Federalists Won
  • 1. The Federalist Papers
  • written to persuade the NY state assembly to
    ratify the Constitution
  • 2. Focused on the serious flaws of the Articles
    of Confederation
  • 3. The Federalists were united around a plan -
    The Constitution
  • 4. Well organized national group
  • 5. George Washington

85
Ratification
  • Delaware, New Jersey, and Connecticut ratified
    quickly (small states who would benefit from a
    strong central government)
  • Georgia (feared a war with Native Americans) and
    Pennsylvania (whose leaders were Federalists)
    all signed right away
  • Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New
    Hampshire ratified by June, 1788.
  • Had the necessary nine states, but wanted
    Virginia and New York, two large states

86
Transparency Ratification of the Constitution
Ratification of the Constitution
TRANSPARENCY
87
Ratification
  • December 15, 1791, the states ratified the ten
    amendments
  • Virginia and New York ratify the Constitution
    during the summer of 1788.
  • North Carolina and Rhode Island both initially
    reject the Constitution, but then ratify it to
    make it unanimous 13 states sign.

88
Bill of Rights
  • Federalists agreed to a bill of rights
  • 1st ten amendments to the constitution
  • 1st - freedom of speech, press, assembly,
    petition, religion
  • 2nd-4th - right to bear arms, no lodging troops,
    no illegal search and seizure (these amendments
    came from British abuses)
  • 5th-8th - protects citizens accused of crimes
  • 9th and 10th - limits powers of government
    (protects people and state governments)

89
Bill of Rights
  • First ten amendments to the Constitution
    convinced reluctant states to ratify the
    Constitution. The ten amendments were ratified
    and took effect on December 15, 1791
  • Thomas Jefferson wanted the Bill of Rights. He
    had been in Paris as ambassador and sent letters
    regarding his support.
  • Jefferson wanted unalienable rights expressed
    in the Declaration written into the Constitution
  • Page 142 lists the 10 amendments.

90
The New Government
THE BIG IDEA George Washington had to establish
the Executive Branch of the new government.
Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Past
Experience Main writer of the Declaration of
Independence, Ambassador to France
John Adams Vice-President Past Experience
Revolutionary Leader, Lawyer, influential
Federalist
George Washington President Past Experience
Commander of the Continental Army, President of
the Constitutional Convention
Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Past
Experience Personal Aide to Washington, author
of many Federalist Essays
Henry Knox Secretary of War Past Experience
General in Continental Army, Sec. Of War under
Articles
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