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solids

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Title: 3 Author: Gong ML Last modified by: Pure Created Date: 2/13/2003 10:06:52 AM Document presentation format: – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: solids

1
??? ????

??
solids
8.1 ?????
8.2 ???????????
8.3 ?????

2
8.1 ?????

??????
(?)????(?????????????,??????)
(?)????
(?)????????????????????????
????????(?????????)??????????????????????????
?

3
8.1 ?????(?)

??????(??)
????????????????????( ? , ? , ?
,????)????,??????????????????
???? (??P.208?9-1)
3???(a, b, c)
3?????(? , ? , ?)

4
????7????14???(??)

????????,?????7???,????????????,?14????
??P.209, ?9.1 (??????)
?? ??(??, Bravias ,??P.210 ?9-5)
?? 3
?? 2
?? 4
?? 2
?? 1
?? 1
?? 1
?? 7 14

5
?????????

(?)??(Crystal lattice)(????)
????????,(?????????????)????????????????????
?14???(??),???7???
(?)??(Cell)
???????????????
????????????????????????
(?)??
???????????

6
8.2 ???????????

????????????????????????4??
???? ? ??????? ??????
???? Na, Fe ???????? ???
(??????)
???? NaCl, CaF2 ??????? ???
???? ???,Si,SiC ?? ???
???? N2, H2O,CO2 ?? ????(?????)

7
??????

?9-1 ?????4???(??P?213 - 215)

???????? ???? C.N. ?? ??? ?? (??P?215 ?9-2)
??????(SCP)A.A ???? 6 ?? 52 ?-Po ? (?? )
??????(bcp)AB.AB ???? 8 ? 68
???????(fcp)ABC.ABC ???? 12 ? 74
?????(hcp)AB.AB ?? 12? 74
8
??????(?)

(?)????
?????? A.A
?????? AB.AB
??????? ABC.ABC
????? AB.AB
A????,B????,
???????????????

9
(?)???????

?1??????????????????? (??P.213, ?9-10)
(1)????????????
1 8 1/8 2
?????????1???,
8????1???,?????8?
?????

10
(?)???????(?)

(2)????r ?????a ???
???? 2a 2 a 2 (4r) 2
??????? ?????? ????
?

11
(?)???????(?)

(3)?????
? ????????? / ???? ? 100

12
?2?????????????

??????a,?????r.
????? a 2 a 2 (4r)2
a 2.83 r
?????????????
8 ? 1/8 6 ? ½ 4
8????1???,?8?????
6???,?1???,?2?????.
? (4 ? 4/3 ?r 3) / a 3
(4 ? 4/3 ?r 3) / (2.83 r ) 3 ? 100 74

13
(?)??????

?????????????,????(12)???????
????Na?K?Hg?

14
??????

(?)?????????
1. ??????????????
????????????(???)
2. ?????????
NaCl?CaF2 ? KNO3?????
3. ???U?,?????
(????-????)
4. ?????????

15
(?) 5????????????????? (??P. 218?9-15)
?? ??? ?? ??? ???? C.N. ??????
CsCl ???? ??? (????????) Cs 8 Cl- 8 88 CsCl- 11
NaCl ???? ??? (????????) 66 NaCl- 44
??ZnS (???) ???? 1/2?????? (????????) 44 Zn2S2- 44
16
(?) 5?????????????????(?) (??P. 218?9-15)
?? ????? ??? ???? C.N. ??????
CaF2 ?? ???? ½ ?????? (Ca2???????) Ca2 8 F- 4 (8 4) Ca2 F- 4 8
TiO2 ??? ???? ???( Ti4??????????) Ti4 6 O2- 3 Ti4 O2- 2 4
17
(?)?????

?????????C.N.????????
?????????????(r/r-)???
?,?C.N.? ?,?C.N. ?
?NaCl(????)??(??P.219?9-16)
? ,? ,
????? ?

18
(?)?????(?)

? ?
??????????
????????
????????(????),??????????,????????????,?
44??(??ZnS?)
2.? (NaCl?????, 66??)
3.?
????????????????,??????88(CsCl?????)

19
(?)?????(?)??

1.?????????????,????????????,?NaCl?CsCl????
,????
?AgI(c) r / r - 0.583.
?????????NaCl?,?????ZnS??
??Ag?I-??????,?????,??????ZnS(C.N.??,?44,??
?NaCl??66)
2.????,?????
?RbCl(c),
??CsCl?,??NaCl??

20
?????(?)??

3. ??????????,??????2????
?GeO2 r / r - 53 pm / 132 pm 0.40.
??ZnS
NaCl ???????????.
4.???????????r / r -???,??????????????????(?AgI
)??????(???)????
?1 R.T. CsCl ??CsCl??
?? CsCl ??NaCl??

21
??????

(?)??????????
(?)???????????(??????,?H2O(s)
(?)????????????????,???????????,???,?????
(?)??????
?? H2?O2? X2
H2O?HX?CO2
??????????????????

22
??????(????)

(?)???????????
(?)???????????
????,???,?????
(?)?????????
(?)??????(???????????)
??? (C?C.N. 4),??????34?
C ?sp 3??,??4?C??????,
???400 kJmol-1 (??P?222?9-20)
???????(SiC),??(SiO2)

23
???????

?1??(graphite)
C??
????????(??P?224?9-22)
?????C?sp 2??,??3?C??????,??????(?????)
???????????? ? ?????
???????????????????
??????

24
???????(?)

?2 ??
Ca2SiO4?????
Ca2-SiO42-????(???),
SiO42-???,Si-O????
? ??????????????????

25
8.3 ?????

?????(????)???????-????
??? - ??? ????????

26
????????

??????(??P.220?9-18)
?????(Polarizing??)
????? ( Polarizability, Polarized??)
??????????,??????????,?????????,??????,?????
??????
????????????,??????
????????,???,??????
??????,??????,??????

27
????????(?)

(?)?????????
1.????z
2.????r
3.????????
?????????? ?????? ? ??,
?(?)?,????
? z / r 2 (????s ?,p ?)
? z / r 2 (????d ??ds ?)
??Z ?????(???), z ??????,
r ?????(pm),??L.Pauling???

28
????????(?)

? z / r 2
?????,z? , r? , ? ?
???????.
????????????????,????? ? ???????
? z / r 2
??,z ???????

29
????????(?)

??????,?????,???????????
???
??d ?????,?????????,? Z ?,
???????????
??d?,ds???????,? F ?????

Cu, Ag, Au Li Na
Zn2,Cd2, Hg2 Sn2,Pb2 Be2 Mn2,Fe2,Co2 Ca2
Bi3 Ni2,Cr3 Al3
30
(?)?????????

????????????????3????
?????a??,a?,?????
1. ???
(1)?????
???????????,????,?a ?,?????

?1 F- Cl- Br- I-
rp/pm 136 181 195 216
a 1.16 4.07 5.31 7.90
??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
?2 F- O2-
rp/pm 130 lt 140 130 lt 140
a 1.16 lt 4.32 1.16 lt 4.32
??? ? ? ? ?
31
(?)?????????(?)

(2)?????
?????,?????????,??????????
??????????

32
2. ??????

(1)????????z ?, ????
8e?????
??? Na gt Mg2 gt Al3
z 1 2
3
??? ? ? ?
(2)????????,z ??,?r ? ,????
Na lt K lt Rb lt Cs
Mg2 lt Ca2 lt Sr2 lt Ba2

33
2. ??????(?)

(3)z ??,r ??,??????
?1 Cd2 gt Ca2
rp/pm 97 99
???? 18e 8e
?2 Ag gt K
rp/pm 126 133
???? 18e 8e

34
???????

1. ???????????????,?I-,S2-,???????8e,(182)e?(9-1
7)e,?????????,?Ag?Hg2?Cu?Cd2?Pb2?Sn2?
2. ??????????,???,8e?2e??????,?Al3?Be2?

35
????????(????)

?1
AgF?,?? AgCl? AgBr??? AgI??
???????????
?????(H2O????,????)
????

36
????????(?)
?2 ZnI2 CdI2 HgI2
?? ? ?? ?(??)
298k ???(g/100gH2O) 9.62 43.2 ??
37
????????(?)?3. ???????
??? AgCl AgBr AgI
???r / r - 0.696 0.646 0.583
???????? NaCl NaCl NaCl
?????? NaCl NaCl ??ZnS
??C.N. 66 66 44
38
????????????