Bell Work Tuesday 5/19

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Bell WorkTuesday 5/19

• Look in your book beginning on page 773
• and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. Why did the Europeans control such a small
  portion of Africa in the 1800s?
• 2. What were some of the internal factors that
  contributed to imperialism in Africa?
• 3. Why did the Boers and the British fight over
  South Africa?

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The Age of Imperialism

• Chapter 27

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Section 1-The Scramble for Africa
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Africa Before European Domination

• Imperialism-The seizure of a country or territory
  by a stronger country
• Africa Before Europeans Arrived-
• Africans were divided into hundreds of ethnic
  and linguistic groups
• Spoke over 1,000 different languages
• Followed either traditional beliefs, Christianity
  or Islam

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Africa Before European Domination

• Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
• By 1880 Europeans only controlled 10 of Africa
• Africans controlled their own trade networks and
  supplied the goods
• The Chokwe collected ivory and beeswax
• Original settlers were missionaries, explorers
  and humanitarians
• They learned about Africa through travel books
  and newspapers

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Driving Forces Behind Imperialism

• The race for African colonies grew out of a
  strong sense of nationalism
• European nations were determined to plant their
  flag on as much land as possible
• Racism-The belief that one race is superior to
  another
• Social Darwinism-The races fittest for survival
  enjoyed wealth and success b/c they were superior
  to others

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Driving Forces Behind Imperialism

• Forces Promoting Imperialism in Africa
• Europes technological superiority
• The Maxim Gun
• Worlds 1st automatic machine gun
• The Steam engine
• Allowed Europeans to travel deeply into the
  jungles
• A variety of languages and cultures discouraged
  unity among the tribes

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The Division of Africa

• Colonization began around 1880
• Diamonds were discovered in 1867 and gold in 1886
  so, no European powers wanted to be left out
• Berlin Conference-To prevent war 14 European
  Nations met to lay down the rules for dividing up
  Africa
• A country could claim land by notifying other
  nations and showing they were in control

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Three Groups Clash Over South Africa

• Africans, Dutch and English clashed over African
  resources
• Zulus Fight the British
• 1816 Zulu chief Shaka and his men used spears and
  shields nearly defeats the British
• After losing the Battle of Ulundi in 1879 the
  Zulu nation fell under British control

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Three Groups Clash Over South Africa

• Boers and British Settle in the Cape
• Boers were Dutch farmers who gradually took more
  African land
• To escape the British the Boers headed north from
  the Cape of Good Hope and soon found themselves
  fighting the Zulus

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Three Groups Clash Over South Africa

• The Boer War
• Boers tried to keep foreigners out and away from
  diamonds and gold began to fight with the English
  for control of land
• Over 14,000 South African died in concentration
  camps
• In 1910, the Boer republics joined a
  self-governing Union of South Africa

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Bell WorkMonday 5/05

• Look in your book beginning on page 786 and
  begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What are geopolitics?
• 2. How did Muhammad Ali direct the shift of
  Egyptian agriculture?
• 3. Why did Great Britain want to control the Suez
  Canal?

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Section 3-Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
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Ottoman Empire Loses Power

• The Ottomans Failed Reforms-
• In 1789 Selim III came to power and tried to
  modernize the Ottoman army but the older
  janissaries resisted
• He was overthrown and his reform movements were
  abandoned
• As other countries gained independence the
  Ottomans continued to lose territory

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Europeans Grab Territory

• Geopolitics-An interest in or taking of lands for
  its strategic location or products

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Europeans Grab Territory

• Crimean War-War that broke out between the
  Russians and the Ottomans over the land
  surrounding the Black Sea
• Russia wanted a warm-weather port
• France and England joined on the side of the
  Ottomans and helped defeat Russia
• 1st war were women established themselves as army
  nurses and was covered by correspondents

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Europeans Grab Territory

• The Great Game-The geopolitical conflicts
  between Britain and Russia over British
  controlled India

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Egypt Initiates Reform

• Military and Economic Reforms in Egypt
• Muhammad Ali emerged as Egypt's leader after he
  broke away from the Ottomans
• Beginning in 1831 he launched a series of battles
  that netted Syria and Arabia
• He also shifted Egyptian agriculture to one based
  on cotton and other cash crops
• Suez Canal-Canal that connect the Red Sea and the
  Mediterranean
• Cost 450 million which the Egyptians ultimately
  couldnt repay

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Bell WorkTuesday 5/26

• Look in your book beginning on page 791
  and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. Why did Britain consider India the Jewel in
  its crown?
• 2. Why didnt Indians unite against the British
  in the Sepoy Mutiny?
• 3. What form did British rule take under the Raj?

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Section 4-British Imperialism in India
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British Expand Control Over India

• British Economic Interest in India
• Began in the 1600s with the East India Company
  (Britain)
• From 1757 to 1858 they were leading power in
  India
• Sepoys-Indian military soldiers

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British Expand Control Over India

• India was considered the jewel in the crown
• Britain saw India as its most important colony
  and valued Indias potential more than its
  actual profit at first

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British Expand Control Over India

• British policy was designed so the Indian economy
  couldnt operate on its own
• India had to produce raw materials and buy
  English manufactured goods
• Indian competition with English goods was
  prohibited

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British Expand Control Over India

• Negative Impact of Colonialism-
• British restricted Indian-owned industries
• This leads to a loss of self-sufficiency for many
  villages
• The switch to cash crops led to famines in the
  late 1800s
• Britain adopted a hands-off policy towards
  religion and social customs
• Missionaries and racist officials threatened
  traditional Indian life

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British Expand Control Over India

• Positive Impact of Colonialism-
• The third largest railroad network was built in
  India
• This allowed India to-
• Develop a modern economy
• Brought unity by connecting regions
• Other Positive Impacts included
• Telegraph and telephone lines, dams, bridges and
  irrigation canals were built
• Schools and Universities were built
• Sanitation greatly improved

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The Sepoy Mutiny

• 1857-Rumors spread that the cartridges of the
  Sepoys new rifles were greased with pork and
  beef fat
• You would have to bite off the ends to use them
  and this was seen as a huge insult resulting in
  85 of the 90 Sepoy soldiers refusing to take them
  
• Pork against Islamic beliefs
• Hindus viewed Cows as sacred creatures
• Soldiers who refused were jailed
• May 10th, 1857 the soldiers marched to and
  captured the city of Delhi

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The Sepoy Mutiny

• The Sepoy Mutiny marked a turning point in
  Indias history
• The British took direct command of India in 1858
• The Raj-Refers to British rule of India beginning
  during the reign of Queen Victoria
• The mutiny increased distrust between the British
  and the Indians

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Nationalism Surfaces in India

• Early 1800s-Indians began demanding
  modernization and a greater role in their own
  governing
• Ram Mohun Roy saw a need for India to move
  towards more modern practices
• Saw Indias Caste system and arranged marriages
  as reasons outside forces were still ruling India

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Nationalism Surfaces in India

• Two Nationalist Parties formed in India
• Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim
  League in 1906
• Both groups called for self-government in India
• 1905-Bengal Province Divided
• Too large to govern so it was divided into a
  Hindu section and a Muslim section
• Separated by religion it made it hard for them to
  unite for independence from Great Britain
• Britain re-divided the territory in 1911