Turn in your psychoanalytic perspective

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• Turn in your psychoanalytic perspective.put
  in the tray
• Get out your vocab HW

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Warm Up

1. Come up with 5 words that are central to the
   psychoanalytic perspective
2. List 3 tactics Freud used to try to reach
   someones unconscious
3. List 3 criticisms of Freud
4. If someone is fixated in the Oral stage, how will
   they behave?
5. If someone is fixated in the Anal Stage, how will
   they behave?
6. What happens in the Phallic stage?
7. What is the point of Defense Mechanism?
8. List and explain 3 defense mechanism
9. Who are Neo-Freudians?
10. What is the difference between the Id, Ego and
    Superego.
11. List 2 projective tests

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Chapter 15 pt. 2 Personality and the Trait,
Humanistic, and Social Cognitive Perspectives

• Pg. 513 picture

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The Trait Perspective

• The father of the trait perspective of
  personality is Gordon Allport.
• The trait perspective looks to DESCRIBE
  personality in terms of fundamental traits
  pattern of behavior or disposition to feel or act
  as assessed by self-reported inventories or peer
  reports.

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Myers Briggs Type Indicator

• 126 questions which ask patients for preferences
  
• Example- Feeling or Thinking Type
• Used in the business world

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Method used For Measuring Personality for Trait
Perspective

• Personality Inventory a questionnaire that is
  usually true/false in which people respond to
  items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings
  and behaviors used to assess selected
  personality traits.
• Weakness of This Measuring Device?

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Example of Personality Inventory

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  most widely used personality test. Purpose was
  to identify emotional disorders but is also now
  used for screening purposes for employment.
• Test is an example of being empirically derived
  test having pool of test questions that
  discriminate between groups. (Ex Certain
  questions Depressed vs. Normal were likely to
  answer differently)

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Self Reports

• Most widely used method
• Simply asking friends and family about you

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Dimensions of Personality

• Through factor analysis, the Ensencks identified
  dimensions of personality were as introverted
  (keep to yourself)/ extroverted (outgoing) and
  stable/unstable.

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The Big Five Expands Upon The Dimensions of
Personality
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Big 5 Research Explores These Questions

• 1. How Stable are these Traits?
• In adulthood quite stable
• 2. How heritable are they?
• About 50
• 3. How well do they apply to other cultures?
• Reasonably well
• 4. Do the Big Five traits predict other personal
  attributes?
• Yes
• Highly conscientious people tend to also be
  morning people

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Evaluating the Trait Perspective

• Person-Situation Controversy
• Traits exist. We differ. And our difference
  matter
• Averages in traits are consistent
• Consistency of Expressive Style
• Traits ( level of expressiveness) can remain
  hidden
• But in most situations a persons true
  personality will come through

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The Humanistic Perspective

• The two founders of the Humanistic Perspective
  are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
• The Humanistic Perspective focuses on the growth
  potential of healthy people. They focus on the
  power of free will and how people view themselves
  as a whole in pursuit of growth.

Maslow
Rogers
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Maslows Main Idea

• 1. Self Actualization ultimate goal in
  hierarchy of needs meet ones potential.

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Carl Rogers Person Centered Approach

• Believed all humans had potential for growth
  just need climate that has
• Genuineness (truthful/sincere)
• Acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
• Empathy (try to understand others)
• Unconditional Positive Regard attitude of total
  acceptance towards another person.

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Humanistic Perspectives Central Concept to
Understanding Personality

• Self-Concept all thoughts and feelings about
  ourselves Who am I?
• Related terms to understand Self Concept
• Self Esteem feelings of self-worth.
• Self-Serving Bias a readiness to perceive
  oneself favorably.

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Criticism of Humanist Perspective

• Maslows concepts are vague and might just be his
  own values.
• Too much focus on individual.
• Ignores human capacity for evil.

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Warm Up

• 1. Describe the Trait Theory
• 2.Describe the MMPI Test (Minnesota Multiphasic
  Personality Inventory)
• 3.Describe the Myers Brigg Test
• 4. List one criticism of the Trait Theory
• 5.Describe the Humanistic Perspective
• 6. What does it mean to be self-actualized?
• 7.Describe Unconditional positive regard
• 8. List one criticism of the humanistic
  perspective

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Astrology and Palm Readings

• 1996- 300 million dollars on psychic hotlines
• Palm reading, horoscopes and handwriting
  analysis DO NOT WORK

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Astrology and Palm Readings

• How do they do it?
• 1. People are similar in many ways I sense
  youre nursing a grudge against someone
• 2.The Barnum Effect-ppl have a strong tendency to
  believe that traits apply specifically to them
  especially if these traits are favorable and
  stated in a general way
• 3. They read our clothing, physical features,
  nonverbal gestures and reactions to what we say
• 4. John Edwards- Throws many things at the wall,
  sees what sticks and goes with it

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• Social Cognitive Approach

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Social Cognitive Perspective

• Father of Social Cognitive Perspective is Albert
  Bandura.
• Social Cognitive Perspective emphasizes the
  importance of external events (society) and how
  we interpret them (cognition).
• Conditioning
• Modeling

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Personality is Made Up of Interlocking Forces

• Reciprocal Determinism is the idea that
  environment influences personality AND
  personality influences the environment.
• Same environment can have completely different
  effects on different people because of how they
  interpret and react to external events.
• You choose your environment and it then shapes
  you

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Social Cognitive Perspective Focuses on Personal
Control

• Personal Control sense of controlling the
  environment rather than feeling helpless.
• Study Personal Control in 2 ways
• 1. Correlates ppls feelings of control with
  their behaviors and achievements
• 2. Experiment- raise and lower ppls sense of
  control and rate the effects

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Locus of Control

• Achievement is highest when people have
• Internal Locus of Control idea that one
  controls their own destiny.

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External Locus of Control Can Lead to Learned
Helplessness

• External Locus of Control perception that
  chance or outside forces beyond ones personal
  control determines ones fate.
• Learned Helplessness hopelessness and passive
  resignation an animal or human learns when unable
  to avoid repeated aversive events.
• Ex Dog being uncontrollably shocked for period
  will not later escape when time arrives.

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Optimism

• Do you view yourself as optimistic or
  pessimistic?
• Optimistic ppl are more productive, health and
  happy
• Excessive optimism can be bad

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Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspective

• Most widely accepted approach by current
  psychologists since it takes aspects from
  learning and cognition.
• Criticized by some because it fails to consider
  possible unconscious motives and focuses too much
  on environment not enough on inner traits.

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Exploring the Self

• Possible Selves
• Visions and goals we have for ourselves
• Dreams led to achievements
• Spotlight Effect
• PPl are less aware of us than we think
• Self Esteem-
• PPl who feel good about themselves are better off
  
• Low Self Esteem comes in a variety of forms

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Exploring the Self

• Self Serving Bias
• Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
• People accept more credit for goods things more
  than bad things
• Most ppl see themselves as better than average
• Survey Question Who is most likely to go to
  heaven? Who beats out Princess Diana, Gandhi,
  MLK Jr., and Mother Theresa?

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Exploring the Self

• If Self Serving Bias prevails why do ppl put
  themselves down?
• 1. Strategy for compliments
• 2. Prepare for possible failure
• 3. Pertains to old self

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Individualism vs. Collectivism

• Individualism
• giving priority to ones own goals over group
  goals and defining ones identity in terms of
  personal attributes rather than group
  identifications
• Collectivism
• giving priority to the goals of ones group
  (often ones extended family or work group) and
  defining ones identity accordingly

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Value Differences
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Know Summary of Perspectives