ROMAN REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

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ROMAN REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

• 27 B.C.E.TO 476. C.E.
• EMPIRE

• 509 B.C.E. -27 B.C.E.
• REPUBLIC

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SPQR

• SENATUS
• POPULUSQUE
• ROMANUS
• SENATE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE

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REPUBLIC COLLAPSES

• 1. AFTER PUNIC WARS ROME EXPERIENCES
• WEALTH AND POWER FOR CERTAIN CITIZENS
• 2. NOBLES CHEAPLY AQUIRE HUGE AMOUNTS
• OF LAND
• 3. MERCHANTS PROSPER BY SUPPLYING THE
• ARMY , SLAVES AND TRADE WITH PROVINCES
• 4. SMALL FARMERS CANT COMPETE WITH
• CHEAP GRAIN
• WORKERS LOSE JOBS TO SLAVES
• 5. TO GAIN SUPPORT OF POOR GOVT OFFICALS
• PROMISE FREE BREAD AND CIRCUSES
• ( ENTERTAINMENT)

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TWO BROTHERS, TRIBUNES, WANTED TO HELP THE POOR.
THEY WANTED TO LIMIT THE SIZE OF ESTATES AND GIVE
LAND TO THE POOR. THEY BOTH MET VIOLENT DEATHS.
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CONQUESTS CHANGE THE ARMY

• THE SMALL FARMER HAD BEEN THE CITIZEN SOLDIER THE
  BACKBONE OF THE ARMY.
• AS HE DISAPPEARED THE NATURE OF THE ARMY CHANGED-
  PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS LOYAL TO THEIR GENERALS NOT
  THE REPUBLIC .
• CIVIL WARS BEGIN BETWEEN GENERALS FOR CONTROL OF
  ROME.

CITIZEN SOLDIERS
PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS
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FIRST TRIUMVERATE POMPEY, CRASSUS, CAESAR

• IN 60 B.C. THESE 3 MEN RULE ROME AS CONSULS for
  1 YEAR- NOT AGAIN FOR 10 YEARS
• CAESAR THAN IS GOVENOR OF GAUL WHERE HE GAINS
  FAME CONQUERING THE GAULS IN THE GALLIC WAR
• IN 49B.C.HE DEFIES THE SENATE COMES BACK TO ROME
  AND CROSSES THE RUBICON
• ( DIE IS CAST) AND A CIVIL WAR ENSUES BETWEEN
  ROME LED BY POMPEY AND CAESAR.
• CAESAR IS VICTORIOUS

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CAESAR LEADS ROME

• CAESAR IS APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE.
• HE WINS PEOPLES SUPPORT BY HIS MANY REFORMS.
• SENATORS FEAR HE IS TOO POWERFUL AND KILL HIM ON
  MARCH 15 44 B.C.
• IDES OF MARCH

DEATH OF CAESAR LED BY CASSIUS AND BRUTUS
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The Second Triumvirate 43 B.C.E TO 33 B.C.E

• Octavian
• Marc Antony
• Marcus Lepidus

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SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

• They take control of Rome and rule for ten years-
  43 B.C.E to 33 B.C.E and crush Julius Caesars
  assassins- Brutus and Cassius!
• Jealousy takes over- Lepidus is forced out
• to retire.
• Marc Antony falls for Cleopatra of Egypt and
  divorces Octavians sister! Rivalry begins.
  Civil war erupts with Octavian as victor! He
  defeats Marc at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E

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(No Transcript)
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ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS 27 B.C.E TO 476 C.E.
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Octavian /AugustusRomes First Emperor
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RULE OF CAESAR AUGUSTUS /OCTAVIAN 27 B.C.E TO 14
C.E.

• UNDER AUGUSTUS ROME BECAME AN EMPIRE REPUBLIC
  ENDS! SENATE GIVES HIM THE NAME OF IMPERATOR
• THIS STARTS TIME OF PAX ROMANA TO 180 C.E.
• TIME OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY!
• HE SPONSERS MANY REFORMS TO STRENGTHEN THE
  EMPIRE. BOASTS MADE ROME FROM BRICKS TO MARBLE!
• 1. REORGANIZES ARMY INTO HIGHLY
  DISCIPLINED
• PROFESSIONAL BODY LOYAL TO
  EMPEROR
• 2. PAID GOVERNORS OF PROVINCES
• 3. ENCOURAGED FORMER SOLDIERS TO
  SETTLE IN PROVINCES
• 4. CONTINUED TO GRANT CITIZENSHIP
  TO PROVINCES
• 5. EFFICIENT CIVIL SERVICE
  TALENT NOT SOCIAL CLASS
• DETERMINED JOBS
• 6. CENSUS INITIATED FOR FAIR
  TAXING
• 7. DEVELOPED TRADE AND INDUSTRY
  AND BUILDING
• 8. ENCOURAGED SCIENCE, ART AND
  LITERATURE

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The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire 14 C.E.
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SUCCESSORS TO AUGUSTUS

• 1ST FOUR EMPERORS WHO FOLLOWED AUGUSTUS MEMBERS
  OF FAMILY!
• MAJOR PROBLEM NO RULES OF SUCCESSION!

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GOOD AND THE BAD!!!

• THE BAD !
• Gaius ( Caligula) 37-41 C.E
• CRAZY, CLAIMED TO BE A GOD AND MAKES
  HORSE A CONSUL.
• MARRIES THAN MURDERS SISTER
• CLAUDIUS 41-54 C.E.
• - ROME CONQUERS S. BRITAIN
• - CONSDERED STUPID AND
  PRAETORIAN GUARD APPOINTS HIM
• NERO 54-68 C.E.
• - KILLED OPPOSITION
• - BLAMED THE CHRISTIANS
• FOR BURNING ROME , MANY
• THOUGHT HE DID!

• THE GOOD!
• TIBERIUS CAESAR-14-37 C.E.
• - DURING TIME OF ADULT JESUS
• VESPASIAN 69-79 C.E.
• - BUILT COLOSSEUM, DESTROYED
• JERUSALEM, EXPELLED JEWS
• TRAJAN 98-117 C.E
• - EXPANDED EMPIRE TO
• GREATEST EXTENT
• HADRIAN 117-138 C.E.
• BUILT WALLS IN NORTHERN
• BRITAIN
• MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 C.E.
  DEATH MARKED END OF PAX
• ROMANA

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THE PAX ROMANATHE GOOD!

• ROME KNOWN AS ETERNAL CITY!
• ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME
• GROWTH OF CITIES WITHIN EMPIRE
• GROWTH OF TRADE
• BUILDING PROJECTS
• COLOSSEUM (80), PANTHEON (117) AQUADUCTS
• ROMAN IDEAS OF LAW ESTABLISHED
• GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE SPREADS

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ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME!
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TRADE ROUTES
ROMES IMPORTS
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PAX ROMANA THE BAD !

• SHARP DIVISIONS EMERGE BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR
• STRONG SLAVE TRADE UNEMPLOYMENT THE DOLE
• TRADE IMBALANCE
• INFLATION
• WEAK RULERS , NO RULES OF SUCCESSION
• BARBARIC ENTERTAINMENT LOW MORALS
• UNREST IN THE PROVINCES
• AFTER 180 C.E. ROME IS ON A DECLINE

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FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• DURING THE CENTURIES THAT CHRISTIANITY WAS
  STRUGGLING TO SURVIVE AND SUCCEEDING
• THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS DECLINING!

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PAX ROMANA ENDS!

• AFTER THE DEATH OF MARCUS AURELIUS IN 180 C.E.
• ROME IS PLUNGED INTO CIVIL WARS AND CHAOS
• NO EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SUCCESSION
• GENERALS COMPETED FOR THE THRONE
• BETWEEN 234 AND 284 C. E. ABOUT 26
  EMPERORS
• RULED. ALL BUT ONE MET VIOLENT DEATHS AT
• THE HANDS OF THE MILITARY!

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CAUSES OF THE FALL OF ROME
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POLITICAL CAUSES

• THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENT AND
  CORRUPT PEOPLE NOT LOYAL!
• VAST EMPIRE COULD NOT BE GOVERNED EFFICIENTLY
• RIVALRY TO SUCCESSION OF THE THRONE LED
• TO DESTRUCTIVE CIVIL WARS
• 284 C.E. EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE
• EMPIRE INTO ½ AND TOOK CONTROL OF THE
  WEALTHIER
• EASTERN HALF. HE APPOINTED A CO-EMPEROR IN
  THE
• WEST.
• WEAK LEADERS IN WEST AND CORRUPTION

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Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two 284 CE
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Constantine 312 - 337
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CONSTANTINE

• AFTER DIOCLETIAN RETIRES POWER STRUGGLE AND
  CONSTANTINE TAKES OVER IN 312 C.E.
• REUNITES EAST AND WEST , BUT MOVES THE CAPITAL TO
  THE EAST- BYZANTIUM AND RENAMES IT
  CONSTANTINOPLE SHOWS DECLINING INFLUENCE OF
  ROME
• BELIEVES ROME SYMBOLIZED PAGANISM AND WANTED
  CLOSER CAPITAL TO TRADING CENTERS OF THE EAST.
• AFTER HIS DEATH IN 337 EMPIRE IS AGAIN DIVIDED.
  THE EAST FLOURISHES THE WEST IS UNDER PRESSURE OF
  INVADERS!

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Constantinople The 2nd Rome (Founded in 330)
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ECONOMIC CAUSES

• GOVERNING REQUIRED HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY. THIS
  MONEY CAME FROM THE EAST.
• THE DIVISION DEPRIVED ROME OF REVENUE.
• ARMIES NO LONGER BROUGHT IN NEW TRIBUTE
• CIVIL WARS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS HURT TRADE AND
  AGRICULTURE LESS TAX
• EFFORTS TO INCREASE SUPPLY CAUSE DEVALUATION
  OF MONEY AND INFLATION
• CITIES HAD HIGH TAXES AND UNEMPLOYMENT LESS
  PROSPERITY
• POOR HARVESTS

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SOCIAL CAUSES

• DUE TO SLAVERY WEALTHY ROMANS BECAME INTERESTED
  IN ONLY WEALTH AND LUXURY
• EARLY ROMAN IDEALS OF PATRIOTISM, SERVICE AND
  MORALITY DISAPPEARED WITH THE NEW LIFESTYLES.
• HUGE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR
• DECLINE IN POPULATION DUE TO DISEASE THAT SWEPT
  THE EMPIRE IN THE 300S.
• NO LONGER HAD A STAKE IN ROME AND DID NOT CARE
  WHETHER EMPEROR WAS ROMAN OR GERMANIC .

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MILITARY CAUSES

• CITIZENS EVADED MILITARY SERVICE SOLDIERS HAD TO
  BE RECRUITED FROM PEOPLE WHO HAD LITTLE LOYALTY
  TO ROME- MERCENARIES IN MANY CASES.
• MILITARY BUDGET LIMITED
• LACK OF LOYALTY AND TRAINING OF SOLDIERS

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WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CRUMBLES

• SINCE THE TIME OF JULIUS CAESAR GERMANIC TRIBES
  LIVED IN AND NEAR ROMAN BOUNDARIES. THEY WERE
  KEPT CONTAINED BY ROMAN TROOPS
• IN 452 C.E. THE HUNS , ( MONGOL TRIBE ) SWOOPED
  INTO THE AREA NORTH OF THE ROMAN AREA AND THE
  GERMANIC TRIBES FLOCKED SOUTHWARD TO AVOID THE
  HUNS.
• THERE WERE 100.000 OF THE HUNS! THEY DID NOT
  CONQUER ROME .

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Attila the HunThe Scourge of God
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FALL OF ROME

• GERMANIC TRIBES CONTINUE TO INVADE EVEN AFTER THE
  HUNS AND THE WEAK ROMAN GOVT
• CANNOT STOP THEM .
• THE VISIGOTHS GO TO SPAIN,OSTROGOTHS TO ITALY ,
  VANDALS TO NORTH AFRICA, FRANKS IN GAUL AND
  ANGLOS AND SAXONS IN BRITAIN.
• IN 476 C.E. A GERMANIC CHIEF FORCES THE ROMAN
  EMPEROR TO GIVE UP THRONE.
• THIS IS ESSENTIALLY THE
• FALL OF
  ROME

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Barbarian Invasions 4c-5c
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THE END!!!!!