World History from 1500 AD to the Present:

1
World History from 1500 AD to the Present

• Midterm Review

2
SOL WHII.2a

• What you need to know By 1500 AD, major states
  and empires had developed in various regions of
  the world.
• The big question(s) On the world map, where
  were some of the major states and empires located
  around 1500 AD?

3
SOL WHII.2b

• What you need to know New intellectual and
  artistic ideas that were developed during the
  Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern
  world.
• The big question What were the artistic,
  literary, and intellectual ideas of the
  Renaissance?

4
This word is French for rebirth and refers to
the reemergence of the classical knowledge of the
Greeks and Romans, and marks the birth of the
modern world.

• Renaissance

5
The Renaissance started in __________ and spread
to _____________________.

• Italy, northern Europe

6
This visual artist thought of himself primarily
as a sculptor (the David of Florence) but was
also painted masterworks like the Ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.

• Michelangelo

7
This man was considered the ultimate renaissance
man as he was an artist, scientist, inventor and
many other things. He painted the Mona Lisa and
the Last Supper.

• Leonardo da Vinci

8
This English playwright was famous for his plays,
sonnets, and essays.

• William Shakespeare

9
This Dutch writer was famous for his works in
humanism. He wrote In Praise of Folly.

• Erasmus

10
Which two institutions lost power during the
Renaissance?

• The feudalism and the Catholic Church.

11
One of the main ideas of the Renaissance was the
idea that humans were good, could be successful,
and could enjoy their achievements. What was
this idea called?

• humanism

12
How do you refer to someone that is good at art,
poetry, science and many other things?

• A renaissance man

13
Renaissance writers wrote in the language of his
or her homeland what is this called?

• vernacular

14
Which Dutch Renaissance writer wrote In Praise of
Folly?

• Erasmus

15
Which English Renaissance writer wrote Utopia?

• Sir Thomas Moore

16
Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote the book
The Prince?

• Niccolo Machiavelli

17
Which English playwright was famous for such
works as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and numerous
sonnets and numerous poems?

• William Shakespeare

18
SOL WHII.2c

• What you need to know By 1500 A.D. the 5 world
  religions had spread to many areas of the Eastern
  Hemisphere
• The big question Where were the five world
  religions located around 1500 AD?

19
Religion Chart
Mono Or Polytheistic Founder Texts Concept Of God (Name) Holy Cities World Region Important
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
20
Eastern Philosophies
Founder Place of Origin Key Ideas Important Ideas Texts
Taoism
Buddhism
Confucianism
21
Whose teachings were candidates for civil service
jobs in China were required to memorize?

• Confucius (The Analects)

22
This monotheistic religion based on the teachings
of Abraham, was concentrated in Europe and the
Middle east in 1500 A.D.

• Judaism

23
This religion was born in the Middle East during
the height of the Roman Empire. It had become
the dominant religion of Europe by 1500 A.D.

• Christianity

24
This religion was born in the Middle East about
622 A.D. It spread to Africa, parts of Asia, and
to some parts of Southern Europe.

• Islam

25
This religion was born in India, and by 1500 A.D.
was the dominant religion there. It also spread
in to parts of Southeast Asia.

• Hinduism

26
This religion was born in India, but was spread
to the far east (China) and Southeast Asia by
missionaries along trade routes.

• Buddhism

27
SOL WHII.2d

• What you need to know By 1500 AD, regional
  trade patterns had developed that linked Africa,
  the Middle East, Asia, and Europe.
• The big question(s) What were the regional
  trade patterns around 1500 AD and why were they
  important?

28
This trade route ran across Asia, all the way to
the Mediterranean Sea Basin.

• The Silk Road

29
These trade routes ran across North Africa.

• Trans Saharan Trade Routes

30
Northern Europe traded into the Mediterranean Sea
via a trade route that ran through this body of
water

• The Black Sea

31
Western Europes main trade routes around 1500 AD
were established along _______________.

• major rivers and small seas

32
Eastern Asia traded along the ________________.

• South China Sea

33
Trade routes were important because they helped
spread ____________________.

• products and ideas
• (cultural diffusion)

34
SOL WHII.2e

• What you need to know By 1500 AD technological
  and scientific advancements had been exchanged
  among cultures of the world.
• The big question What technological and
  scientific advancements had been made and
  exchanged by 1500 AD?

35
These were spread from the far east along trade
routes.

• Paper, the compass, silk, porcelain (China)

36
These were important trade goods from India and
the Middle East.

• Textiles, and the numeral system.

37
These were elements of science that were
transferred by 1500 AD.

• Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics

38
Which kingdoms were famous for the African gold
and salt trade?

• The sub-Saharan kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and
  Songhai.

39
SOL WHII.3a

• What you need to know For nearly 1500 years, the
  Roman Catholic Church had little or no
  competition in religious thought and action. The
  Protestant Reformation resulted in the birth of
  new political and economic institutions.
• The big question(s) What were the problems and
  issues that started reforms in Western
  Christianity? What were the beliefs of Martin
  Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII?

40
What were the some of the actions of the Pope
that led to the Reformation?

• He claimed political authority as well as
  spiritual authority, and he engaged in secular
  interests like money and art.

41
What was the only church in Christianity for
nearly 1500 years of its existence?

• The Roman Catholic Church

42
The newfound wealth of this group challenged the
Churchs view of usury.

• Merchants (businessmen and traders)

43
The nobility in these two countries especially
disliked Italian domination of the Church, and
desired to break away from the Popes Church.

• Germany and England

44
The sale of these as a means to get forgiveness
for sins was widespread and caused great conflict

• indulgences

45
What were the results of the Reformation?

• Protestants divided into many religious groups
  who interpreted the Bible differently
• (Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, etc).

46
This German monk believed that salvation was
achieved through faith alone, and that the bible
was the only source of religious truth.

• Martin Luther

47
Martin Luther caused a stir when he created the
Protestant church by this action.

• Posting the 95 Theses at Wittenberg

48
This man believed in predestination (salvation or
damnation determined before birth), and that
faith is revealed by living a righteous life with
good work ethic

• John Calvin

49
John Calvin spread Protestantism when he founded
the ideal Calvinist society in Geneva
Switzerland, whos ideals were perfect for this
type of economic system.

• capitalism

50
This English monarch, the first of the Tudors,
broke with the Catholic Church, and confiscated
the land and money of the Pope over the issue of
divorce.

• Henry VIII

51
What was the movement that used secret testimony
and torture against those who went against the
Catholic Church?

• The Inquisition

52
What was the main goal of the Inquisition?

• To root out heresy (those who go against the
  Pope)

53
What do we call the Catholic Churchs efforts to
bring Protestants back to the church through
reforming some aspects of its operation, and
denying the validity of the Protestant movements?

• The Counter Reformation

54
SOL WHII.3b

• What you need to know The Reformation had its
  roots in theology (ideas about God), but it led
  to important economic and political changes.
  These differences in ideas about God caused
  hatred, war and destruction for many years in
  Europe.
• The big question What were the major economic,
  political, and theological issues involved in the
  reformation?

55
Princes in the northern part of this country
stood up for Martin Luther and Protestantism
because they wanted to end the authority of the
Pope.

• Germany

56
This German family dynasty supported the Pope and
the Roman Catholic Church. They later became the
leaders of the Holy Roman Empire

• The Hapsburgs

57
This was a devastating conflict in Germany
between Protestants and Catholics.

• The Thirty Years War

58
This church became the national church throughout
Britain under Elizabeth I, under the Elizabethan
Compromise

• The Anglican Church

59
In England, the Reformation gave rise to this
type of economic system.

• capitalism

60
French Protestants were called

• Huguenots

61
This gave the Protestant Huguenots freedom to
worship in France, but it was later revoked

• The Edict of Nantes

62
This Frenchman changed the focus of the Thirty
Years War from a religious to a political
conflict.

• Cardinal Richelieu

63
The Catholic response to the Reformation was a
series of reforms designed to reassert its
authority called _____________.

• The (Catholic) Counter Reformation

64
This religious order was founded by Ignatius
Loyola to spread Catholic doctrine around the
world.

• The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits)

65
This institution that consists of torture, secret
testimony, and intimidation was used to reinforce
Catholic doctrine.

• The Inquisition

66
SOL WHII.3c

• What you need to know At first the Reformation
  divided Europe up on religious ideas, leading to
  intolerance. Power in Europe was concentrated in
  the monarch. Eventually religious toleration
  emerged, along with democratic ideas.
• The big question(s) What were some of the
  changing cultural values, traditions, and
  philosophies during the Reformation? What was
  the role of the printing press in spreading these
  new ideas?

67
As business and trade grew, so to did
non-religious ideas, values, and traditions which
are referred to as being _____________.

• secular

68
The man who spread literacy when he printed the
bible.

• Gutenberg

69
The ideas of the Renaissance and the Reformation
were spread even more when the bible was printed
in these (non-Latin) languages

• German, French, and English

70
SOL WHII.4a

• What you need to know The expanding economies of
  Europe increased trade with Asia. When
  Constantinople fell to the Muslims in 1453,
  Europeans started crossing the Atlantic looking
  for new trade routes on the sea.
• The big question(s) Why were Europeans
  interested in discovering new lands and markets?
  Who were the important explorers?

71
One of the main reasons for the Age of
Exploration was the desire for these precious
items used to season and preserve food

• spices

72
Another main reason for the Age of Exploration
was a desire for this precious metal, used to
drive the European economies.

• gold

73
Another main reason for the Age of Exploration
was the need for these, which were necessary for
the manufacturing of products to sell

• raw materials

74
Another key reason for the Age of Exploration
that led kings and nobles to support the effort
was this

• Political and economic competition

75
Innovations in navigation such as the astrolabe
and the triangular sail were taken from this
culture and used by Europeans.

• The Islamic World

76
This Portuguese Prince founded a school for
sailors that taught cartography and other
essential skills, giving rise to the Age of
Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator

77
The Portuguese sailor who first rounded the Cape
of Good Hope to India, and brought back spices
that sold at 3000 of the original investment.

• Vasco da Gama

78
This Italian sailor, who sailed for the Spanish
monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, was
credited with discovering the New World
although he was actually seeking a western
passage to India

• Christopher Columbus

79
This Spanish conquistador was the man who
conquered the Aztec Empire to colonize New Spain
(in what is today Mexico).

• Cortez

80
This Spaniard followed Cortez to the New World
and conquered the Inca Empire in what is today
Peru.

• Francisco Pizarro

81
This man was the first to circumnavigate the
globe.

• Ferdinand Magellan

82
The first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe,
thus effectively bringing Northern Europe into
the Age of Exploration.

• Sir Frances Drake

83
The Frenchman who explored the New World in the
area of the St. Lawrence river, establishing
several important trading posts for the French

• Jacques Cartier

84
SOL WHI.4b

• What you need to know One main motive for
  exploration was to spread the Christian religion.
• The big question How did the expansion of
  European empires into the Americas, Africa, and
  Asia effect the religion in those areas.

85

• How did Christians diffuse Christianity to the
  new world?
• migration of colonists to the new lands
• Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who
  carried the faith, language, and cultures to new
  lands
• through the conversion of indigenous peoples by
  missionaries like the Jesuits

86
SOL WHII.4c

• What you need to know Europeans migrated to new
  colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural
  and social patterns.
• Europeans established trading posts and colonies
  in Africa and Asia.
• The big question What was the effect of
  European migration and settlement on the
  Americas, Africa, and Asia?

87
What were the men who conquered and destroyed the
Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires, and where were
they from?

• Conquistadors, from Spain

88
Who was the man who conquered and destroyed the
Aztec Empire in 1520?

• Hernan (Hernando) Cortez

89
Where was the location of the conquered Aztec
Empire, which became the center of the Spanish
Empire in the new world.

• In what is today the central valley of Mexico, in
  North America.

90
Where was the capital of the Inca Empire?

• In what is today Peru, in South America.

91
Who was the man who conquered the Inca Empire?

• Francisco Pizarro

92
What three things made the conquest of the New
World possible for Europeans?

• Steel, guns, and diseases (smallpox)

93
The legacy of rigid class system and dictatorial
rule in Latin America began with this type of
agricultural institution called
the_____________________.

• encomienda

94
Who was the small group of merchants who
colonized the Indies and India?

• The Dutch East India Company

95
SOL WHII.4d

• What you need to know The discovery of the
  Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of
  products and resources between the Eastern and
  Western Hemispheres.
• The big question What was the impact of the
  Columbian Exchange between European and
  indigenous cultures?

96
What were some of the products brought back from
the new world (western hemisphere) that changed
European lifestyles during the Columbian Exchange?

• Corn, potatoes, and tobacco.

97
What European products were introduced to the
new world (western hemisphere) from Europe
during the Columbian Exchange?

• Horses, cattle, guns

98
Large farms were set up in the new world to grow
____________ __________.

• cash crops

99
Europeans set up large farms called ___________.

• plantations

100
European plantations and encomiendas destroyed
the native peoples ___________ and ruined the
_____________.

• economies, environment

101
Unlike slavery had existed for thousands of years
in the rest of the world, European slavery in the
Americas was base on __________.

• race (the color of a man/ womans skin)

102
SOL WHII.4e,f

• What you need to know Europeans established a
  trade pattern know as triangular trade and
  exported precious metals from the Americas.
• The big question(s) What was the triangular
  trade, and what was the impact of precious metal
  export from the Americas?

103
What were the three continents that were linked
in a triangular trade pattern?

• Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

104
What goods were traded in the triangular trade?

• Finished industrial goods (guns) went from Europe
  to Africa, slaves went from Africa to the
  Americas, and rum and sugar went from the
  Americas back to Europe.

105
What precious metals were taken from the new
world back to Europe?

• gold and silver

106
What was the result of the Spanish rule in the
Americas?

• Spain became rich and powerful with the gold and
  silver stolen from the Aztec and Inca Empires.
  The Aztec and Inca Empires were wiped out, and
  their people were used as labor for encomiendas,
  and treated as second class citizens.

107
SOL WHII.5a

• What you need to know The Ottoman Empire
  emerged as a political and economic power
  following the conquest of Constantinople. The
  Ottomans brought much of Muslim territory in
  Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.
• The big question(s) Where was the Ottoman
  Empire located and how did it expand?

108
What was the original location of the Ottoman
Empire?

• Asia minor, what is today the country of Turkey.

109
What did the Ottoman Empire call its capital
(that used to be the Christian city of
Constantinople)?

• Istanbul

110
What did the Ottoman Empire use to unite all its
different territories into one huge empire?

• The religion of Islam (the Muslim faith)

111
What were two of the major trade items for the
Ottoman Empire?

• coffee and ceramics

112
SOL WHII.5b

• What you need to know Descendants of the
  Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers
  established an empire in Northern India. The
  Mughal Empire traded with European nations.
• The big question(s) What were the contributions
  of the Mughal emperors of India, and how did they
  trade with European nations?

113
What religion did the Mughal Empire spread to
India, and what part of the sub-continent did
they dominate?

• Islam, northern India

114
What famous architecture did the Mughal empire
construct in India?

• The Taj Mahal

115
How did Portugal, England, and the Netherlands
(The Dutch) trade with Mughal India?

• They established trading outposts on the Indian
  coast, and traded on Indian Ocean trade routes.

116
What were the main trade items that went from
Mughal India to Europe?

• spices and textiles

117
SOL WHII.5c

• What you need to know China and Japan sought to
  limit the influence and activities of European
  merchants.
• The big question(s) How did the Chinese and
  Japanese attempt to limit the influence of
  European merchants?

118
What were some of the key trade items that
Europeans wanted from the far east?

• Porcelain (china), tea, silk, and paper.

119
What was the imperial solution to control foreign
influence in the far east?

• To create trade enclaves.

120
What policy did Japanese leaders adopt to the
European traders?

• isolation

121
SOL WHII.5d

• What you need to know The exportation of slaves
  and demand for imported goods began to alter
  economic pattern in Africa.
• The big question How did Africa become involved
  in foreign trade?

122
What was Africa exchanging slaves for in the
triangular trade?

• Manufactured goods (guns), and new food products
  such as corn and peanuts.

123
The term middle passage refers to inhumane
transport of slaves from where to where?

• From Africa to the Americas.

124
SOL WHII.5e

• What you need to know European maritime
  (sailing and trading) nations competed for
  overseas markets, colonies and resources,
  creating new economic practices, such as
  mercantilism, linking European nations with their
  colonies.
• The big question What were the roles of the
  Commercial Revolution and mercantilism in the
  growth of European nations?

125
What do you call the economic practice where the
colony exists to feed the mother country raw
materials so that the mother country can make
finished goods and become self sufficient.

• mercantilism

126
SOL WHII.6a

• What you need to know The scientific revolution
  placed emphasis on systematic measurement and
  reasoned observation. It changed the way people
  viewed the world and their place in it.
• The big question(s) What were some new
  scientific theories and discoveries, and what
  were the effects of these new theories?

127
Who developed the theory of the heliocentric
universe?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

128
Who discovered the laws of elliptical planetary
motion?

• Johannes Kepler

129
Who use the telescope to support the heliocentric
theory, and was put on trial by the Pope for it?

• Galileo Galilei

130
Who discovered and recorded the laws of gravity?

• Sir Isaac Newton

131
Who discovered and recorded the circulation of
blood?

• William Harvey

132
The scientific revolution led to the emphasis on
reason and observation of nature. What did it
depend on to expand the amount of scientific
knowledge available?

• The scientific method.

133
SOL WHII.6b

• What you need to know The Age of Absolutism
  takes its name from a series of European monarchs
  who increased the power of their central
  governments.
• The big question(s) Who were the absolute
  monarchs, and what effects did they have on their
  countries?

134
What are characteristics of absolute monarchies?

• They centralize power, they claim rule by divine
  right, and they are not subject to the laws.

135
How did Louis XIV show his power?

• He centralized all of his power outside of Paris
  at his grand Palace of Versailles.

136
How did Frederick the Great show his power?

• By making Prussia the strongest military power in
  the region, and waging war.

137
What was the main goal of Peter the Great of
Russia?

• To westernize Russia

138
What city did Peter the Great make his window to
the West?

• St. Petersburg

139
How did Peter the Great centralize his power in
Russia?

• He took power from the nobility, the Eastern
  Orthodox Church, and the serfs, while he gave
  power to the military.

140
SOL WHII.6c

• What you need to know Political democracy rests
  on the principle that government derives its
  power from the consent of the governed. The
  foundations of English freedoms included the jury
  trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The
  English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
  prompted further development of the rights of
  Englishmen.
• The big question How did the English Civil War
  and the Glorious Revolution promote the
  development of the rights of Englishmen?

141
What did the English Parliament try to force
Charles to sign that would require him to check
with them before raising taxes or putting someone
in jail without saying why?

• The Petition of Right

142
Who was the leader of the Roundheads (supporters
of Parliament) who led them against the Cavilers
(supporters of the king) during the English Civil
War?

• Oliver Cromwell

143
Oliver Cromwell led a group of religious fanatics
who sought to eliminate all influence of
Catholics from English government and religion.
What was this group known as?

• The Puritans

144
What happened after the Puritan Republic was
abolished?

• The restoration of King Charles II of the Stuarts.

145
What was the bloodless revolution that displaced
the Stuart kings and put William of Orange and
his wife Mary on to the throne called?

• The Glorious Revolution

146
What did William and Mary agree to do that
created the first constitutional monarchy thus
increasing parliamentary power and decreasing
royal power?

• They signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689.

147
SOL WHII.6d

• What you need to know Enlightenment thinkers
  believed that human progress was possible through
  the application of scientific knowledge and
  reason to issues of law and government.
  Enlightenment ideas influenced the leaders of the
  American Revolution and the writing of the
  Declaration of Independence.
• The big question(s) Who were the Enlightenment
  thinkers, and what were their ideas? How did
  philosophers of the Enlightenment influence
  thinking on political issues? How did the
  Enlightenment promote revolution in the American
  colonies?

148
What three areas of thinking did the
Enlightenment most drastically change?

• 1) It applied reason to the human world and its
  laws not just nature.
• 2) It stimulated religious tolerance.
• 3. It questioned traditional authority, which
  led to revolutions around the world.

149
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote Leviathan, and
said that man gives authority to strong leaders
to manage our savage behaviors.

• Thomas Hobbes

150
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote Two Treatises
on Government? He said that people are
sovereign, and monarchs are not chosen by God.

• John Locke

151
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote The Spirit of
Laws? He advocated the separation of powers
within a government.

• Montesquieu

152
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote The Social
Contract?

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

153
Which Enlightenment thinkers ideas of natural
law most influenced Thomas Jeffersons writing of
the Declaration of Independence?

• John Locke

154
Which Enlightenment thinker said that religious
toleration should triumph over religious
fanaticism, and that there should be a separation
of church and state?

• Voltaire

155
Along with the Declaration of Independence, what
were the other two American documents that
incorporated the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.

• The US Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

156
SOL WHII.6e,f

• What you need to know The ideas of the
  Enlightenment and French participation in the
  American Revolution influenced the French people
  to view their government in new ways. They
  overthrew the absolute monarchy, and a new
  government was established. These ideas and
  examples of the American and French Revolutions
  influenced the people of Latin America to
  establish independent nations.
• The big question(s) How did the Enlightenment
  contribute to causing the French Revolution, and
  how did the French and American Revolutions
  influence Latin American independence movements?

157
What event signaled the power of the French
people? It is still celebrated as a major French
holiday to this day.

• The storming of the Bastille (Bastille Day)

158
What is the period when the Committee on Public
Safety executed thousands in the name of the
Revolution called?

• The Reign of Terror

159
What were the two big outcomes of the French
Revolution?

• The end of the absolute monarchy and the rise of
  Napoleon Bonaparte.

160
What man was inspired by the French and American
Revolutions to lead a slave revolt and establish
the nation of Haiti?

• Toussaint LOuverture

161
What was the name of the man who was influenced
by the ideas of the Enlightenment to lead several
revolutions in Latin America?

• Simon Bolivar

162
SOL WHII.6g

• What you need to know The Enlightenment brought
  new emphasis on order and balance in the arts as
  artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece
  and Rome. The Age of Reason witnessed inventions
  and innovations in technology that stimulated
  trade and transportation.
• The big question(s) Who were some artists,
  philosophers, and writers of the period? What
  improved technologies and institutions were
  important to European economies?

163
Who was the moody German composer who was heavily
influenced by religious themes?

• Johan Sebastian Bach

164
Who was the Austrian composer who was writing
major works by the age of 10, and is considered
by many to be one of the greatest musical minds
of all time?

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

165
Who was the French painter worked in the baroque
style, and embodied many of the themes of the
time into works such as Liberty Leading the
People.

• Eugene Delacroix

166
Who was the Enlightenment philosophe who wrote
Candidate, and was a huge advocate of free speech?

• Voltaire

167
Which Spanish author wrote the classic novel Don
Quixote (when the novel was still a new form of
literature)?

• Miguel de Cervantes

168
Which technology was among the most helpful in
improving year round transportation and trade?

• all weather roads

169
SOL WHII.7a

• What you need to know The French Revolution
  left a powerful legacy for world history
  secular society, nationalism, and democratic
  ideas. Napoleons attempt to unify Europe under
  French domination was unsuccessful. The Congress
  of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had
  been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic
  code.
• The big question(s) What was the legacy of
  Napoleon? What was the significance of the
  Congress of Vienna?

170
What was the law code the law code put into place
by Napoleon in every nation he conquered called?

• The Napoleonic Code

171
What were the basic ideas behind the Napoleonic
code?

• It was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment,
  such as equality before the law and promotion
  based on merit.

172
What do you call the feeling that Napoleon
awakened in European countries that led them to
support their king, religion, and country?

• nationalism

173
What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?

• The monarchies were restored, the political map
  of Europe was redrawn to restore the balance of
  power.