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Title: Solid and Hazardous Waste


1
Chapter 22
  • Solid and Hazardous Waste

2
Love Canal There Is No Away
  • Between 1842-1953, Hooker Chemical sealed
    multiple chemical wastes into steel drums and
    dumped them into an old canal excavation (Love
    Canal).
  • In 1953, the canal was filled and sold to Niagara
    Falls school board for 1.
  • The company inserted a disclaimer denying
    liability for the wastes.

3
Love Canal There Is No Away
  • In 1957, Hooker Chemical warned the school not to
    disturb the site because of the toxic waste.
  • In 1959 an elementary school, playing fields and
    homes were built disrupting the clay cap covering
    the wastes.
  • In 1976, residents complained of chemical smells
    and chemical burns from the site.

4
Love Canal There Is No Away
  • President Jimmy Carter declared Love Canal a
    federal disaster area.
  • Started the Superfund Act
  • The area was abandoned in 1980 (left).

Figure 22-1
5
CATEGORIES OF WASTES
  • SOLID WASTE
  • HAZARDOUS (TOXIC) WASTE
  • MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)
  • INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
  • ELECTRONIC WASTE (E-WASTE)
  • TONS OF EACH TYPE OF WASTE GENERATED INCREASE
    YEARLY

6
WASTES
  • Solid wastes
  • Municipal solid waste (MSW) produce directly
    from homes (1.5).
  • Industrial solid waste produced indirectly by
    industries that supply people with goods and
    services (98.5).
  • Hazardous (toxic) waste threatens human health
    or the environment because it is toxic
    (solvents), chemically active (acids, bases,
    Chlorine), corrosive (drain cleaners) or
    flammable (gas, paints).

7
TRASH TALK
  • The United States produces about a third of the
    worlds solid waste
  • About 55 of U.S. MSW is dumped into landfills
  • 30 is recycled or composted
  • 15 is burned in incinerators.

8
Electronic Waste A Growing Problem
  • E-waste consists of toxic and hazardous waste
    such as PVC, lead, mercury, and cadmium.
  • The U.S. produces almost half of the world's
    e-waste but only recycles about 10 of it.
  • Many states have passed laws governing the
    disposal of e-waste
  • Developing countries a dumping ground of e-waste
  • Developing countries using children to sort
    through the e-waste to recycle
  • Images from the Agbogbloshie scrap metal market
    and burning site in Accra, Ghana

Figure 22-4
9
Images from the Agbogbloshie scrap metal market
and burning site in Accra, Ghana.
10
Our World of E-Waste
11
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
Figure 22-5
12
Reducing Solid Waste
  • Refuse to buy items that we really dont need.
  • Reduce consume less and live a simpler and less
    stressful life by practicing simplicity.
  • Reuse rely more on items that can be used over
    and over.
  • Repurpose use something for another purpose
    instead of throwing it away.
  • Recycle paper, glass, cans, plasticsand buy
    items made from recycled materials.

13
REUSE
  • Extends resource supplies
  • Maintains high-quality matter (becomes degraded
    when recycled)
  • Reduces energy use
  • Ex. refillable bottles, shipping containers,
    grocery bags
  • In Finland 95 of beverage containers
  • are refillable (Germany 75).

14
REUSE
  • Reducing resource waste energy consumption for
    different types of 350-ml (12-oz) beverage
    containers.

Figure 22-7
15

What Can You Do?
Reuse
Buy beverages in refillable glass containers
instead of cans or throwaway bottles.
Use reusable plastic or metal lunchboxes.
Carry sandwiches and store food in the
refrigerator in reusable containers instead of
wrapping them in aluminum foil or plastic wrap
Use rechargeable batteries and recycle them
when their useful life is over.
Carry groceries and other items in a reusable
basket, a canvas or string bag, or a small cart.
Use reusable sponges and washable cloth
napkins, dishtowels, and handkerchiefs
instead of throwaway paper ones.
Buy used furniture, computers, cars, and other
items.
Give or sell items you no longer use to others.
Fig. 22-8, p. 526
16
RECYCLING
  • Primary (closed loop) recycling materials are
    turned into new products of the same type.
  • Secondary recycling materials are converted into
    different products.
  • Used tires shredded and converted into rubberized
    road surface.
  • Newspapers transformed into cellulose insulation.

17
RECYCLING
  • Recycling many plastics is chemically and
    economically difficult.
  • Many plastics are hard to isolate from other
    wastes.
  • Recovering individual plastic resins does not
    yield much material.
  • The cost of virgin plastic resins is lower than
    recycled resins due to low fossil fuel costs.
  • There are new technologies that are making
    plastics biodegradable.

18
RECYCLING
  • Pre-consumer vs. post-consumer waste
  • http//www.pslc.ws/mactest/work/recycle.htm
  • http//maine.gov/spo/recycle/mainerecycles/whatrec
    yclablesbecome.htm
  • http//www.popsci.com/bown/2009/product/eco2-plast
    ics-environmental-system

19
BURNING AND BURYING SOLID WASTE
  • Globally, MSW is burned in over 1,000 large
    waste-to-energy incinerators, which boil water to
    make steam for heating water, or space, or for
    production of electricity.

20
Burying Solid Waste
  • Most of the worlds MSW is buried in landfills
    that eventually are expected to leak toxic
    liquids into the soil and underlying aquifers.
  • Open dumps are fields or holes in the ground
    where garbage is deposited and sometimes covered
    with soil. Mostly used in developing countries.
  • Sanitary landfills solid wastes are spread out
    in thin layers, compacted and covered daily with
    a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam.

21

When landfill is full, layers of soil and
clay seal in trash
Topsoil
Electricity generator building
Sand
Clay
Methane storage and compressor building
Leachate treatment system
Garbage
Probes to detect methane leaks
Pipes collect explosive methane as used as fuel
to generate electricity
Methane gas recovery well
Leachate storage tank
Compacted solid waste
Groundwater monitoring well
Garbage
Leachate pipes
Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe
disposal
Sand
Synthetic liner
Leachate monitoring well
Sand
Groundwater
Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks
pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Clay
Subsoil
Fig. 22-12, p. 532
22
Landfills
  • Leachate collection by pipes sent to sewage
    treatment facility
  • Monitoring wells - drilled around facility to
    test for leakage
  • Emit greenhouse gases (CO2 methane)

23

Trade-Offs
Sanitary Landfills
Advantages
Disadvantages
Noise and traffic
No open burning
Dust
Little odor
Air pollution from toxic gases and volatile
organic compounds
Low groundwater pollution if sited properly
Releases greenhouse gases (methane and
CO2) unless they are collected
Can be built quickly
Low operating costs
Groundwater contamination
Can handle large amounts of waste
Slow decomposition of wastes
Filled land can be used for other purposes
Discourages recycling, reuse, and waste reduction
Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater
No shortage of landfill space in many areas
Fig. 22-13, p. 533
24
HAZARDOUS WASTE
  • Hazardous waste is any discarded solid or liquid
    material that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive, or
    reactive enough to explode or release toxic
    fumes.
  • The two largest classes of hazardous wastes are
    organic compounds (e.g. pesticides, PCBs,
    dioxins) and toxic heavy metals (e.g. lead,
    mercury, arsenic).

25

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?
Cleaning
Gardening
Disinfectants
Pesticides
Drain, toilet, and window cleaners
Weed killers
Ant and rodent killers
Spot removers
Septic tank cleaners
Flea powders
Paint
Latex and oil-based paints
Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers
Automotive
Stains, varnishes, and lacquers
Gasoline
Used motor oil
Wood preservatives
Antifreeze
Artist paints and inks
Battery acid
General
Solvents
Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium)
Brake and transmission fluid
Rust inhibitor and rust remover
Glues and cements
Fig. 22-15, p. 534
26
Hazardous Waste Regulations in the United States
  • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
  • 1) EPA IDs wastes sets standards
  • 2) firms with gt220 lbs/month must have permit
  • 3) Cradle-to-grave system

27
Superfund Act Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA)
  • 1) ID hazardous dump sites underground tanks
  • 2) Tax on chem/petro industries provide broad
    Fed authority to respond directly to hazardous
    substances release or threat of
  • 3) Clean up site - Protect clean up groundwater
    near site
  • 4) Trust fund established to provide for cleanup
    when no responsible party Identified
  • 5) Provided for liability of persons responsible
    for releases of hazardous wastes at these sites

28
Superfund in Georgia Sites in Georgia
29
Brownfield Sites
  • Abandoned, contaminated industrial sites
    cleaned up developed with eased environmental
    laws
  • Atlantic Station

30
Conversion to Less Hazardous Substances
  • Physical Methods using charcoal or resins to
    separate out harmful chemicals.
  • Chemical Methods using chemical reactions that
    can convert hazardous chemicals to less harmful
    or harmless chemicals.

31
Conversion to Less Hazardous Substances
  • Biological Methods
  • Bioremediation bacteria or enzymes help destroy
    toxic and hazardous waste or convert them to more
    benign substances.
  • Phytoremediation involves using natural or
    genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter
    and remove contaminants from polluted soil and
    water.

32

Inorganic metal contaminants
Organic contaminants
Radioactive contaminants
Poplar tree
Brake fern
Willow tree
Sunflower
Indian mustard
Landfill
Oil spill
Polluted groundwater in
Polluted leachate
Decontaminated water out
Soil
Soil
Groundwater
Groundwater
Phytostabilization Plants such as willow trees
and poplars can absorb chemicals and keep them
from reaching groundwater or nearby surface water.
Rhizofiltration Roots of plants such as
sunflowers with dangling roots on ponds or in
green- houses can absorb pollutants such as
radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 and
various organic chemicals.
Phytoextraction Roots of plants such as Indian
mustard and brake ferns can absorb toxic metals
such as lead, arsenic, and others and store
them in their leaves. Plants can then be
recycled or harvested and incinerated.
Phytodegradation Plants such as poplars can
absorb toxic organic chemicals and break them
down into less harmful compounds which they
store or release slowly into the air.
33
Conversion to Less Hazardous Substances
  • Incineration heating many types of hazardous
    waste to high temperatures up to 2000 C
    breaks them down and convert s them to less
    harmful or harmless chemicals.

34
Conversion to Less Hazardous Substances
  • Plasma Torch passing electrical current through
    gas to generate an electric arc and very high
    temperatures can create plasma.
  • The plasma process can be carried out in a torch
    which can decompose liquid or solid hazardous
    organic material.

35
Plasma Torch
  • The Plasma Torch applies plasma arc technology to
    the issue of waste management. Plasma arc
    technology is the use of a flame hotter than the
    surface of the sun to turn everything that it
    touches into the fourth state of matter (plasma).
    It takes in various types of garbage, and
    vaporizes most of it. What is produced is a gas
    that can be burnt for energy, and a solid black
    rock-like material, that has uses in construction.

36
Locations of Current Facilities
  • St. Lucie County Florida
  • Utashinai, Japan
  • Yoshii, Japan

37

Trade-Offs
Plasma Arc
Advantages
Disadvantages
Small
High cost
Produces CO2 and CO
Mobile. Easy to move to different sites
Can release particulates and chlorine gas
Can vaporize and release toxic metals and
radioactive elements
Produces no toxic ash
Fig. 22-19, p. 538
38
Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste
  • Deep-well disposal liquid hazardous wastes are
    pumped under pressure into dry porous rock far
    beneath aquifers.

39
Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste
  • Surface impoundment excavated depressions such
    as ponds, pits, or lagoons into which liners are
    placed and liquid hazardous wastes are stored.

40

Trade-Offs
Surface Impoundments
Advantages
Disadvantages
Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or
no lining)
Low construction costs
Low operating costs
Air pollution from volatile organic compounds
Can be built quickly
Overflow from flooding
Wastes can be retrieved if necessary
Disruption and leakage from earthquakes
Can store wastes indefinitely with secure double
liners
Promotes waste production
Fig. 22-21, p. 539
41
Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste
  • Long-Term Retrievable Storage Some highly toxic
    materials cannot be detoxified or destroyed.
    Metal drums are used to stored them in areas that
    can be inspected and retrieved.
  • Secure Landfills Sometimes hazardous waste are
    put into drums and buried in carefully designed
    and monitored sites.

42
Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill
  • In the U.S. there are only 23 commercial
    hazardous waste landfills.

Figure 22-22
43
Lead
  • Causes palsy, paralysis, blindness, retardation
  • Lowers IQ by 4-7 points
  • Found in leaded gas (phased out in 86 in US),
    lead paint (banned in 70), plastics, plumbing,
    wiring, toys, jewelry

Figure 22-24
44
Mercury
  • Fat-soluble
  • Causes CNS problems, cancer
  • Damages brain, kidney, lungs
  • Minamata Disease
  • Sources CFLs, coal-burning, wastes

Figure 22-26
45

AIR
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
WINDS
WINDS
Hg2 and acids
Hg2 and acids
Hg and SO2
Photo- chemical
Elemental mercury vapor (Hg)
Inorganic mercury and acids (Hg2)
Human sources
Inorganic mercury and acids (Hg2)
Coal- burning plant
Incinerator
Deposition
Runoff of Hg2 and acids
Deposition
WATER
Large fish
Vaporization
BIOMAGNIFICATION IN FOOD CHAIN
Deposition
Small fish
Deposition
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Bacteria and acids
Oxidation
Organic mercury (CH3Hg)
Inorganic mercury (Hg2)
Elemental mercury liquid (Hg)
Bacteria
Settles out
Settles out
Settles out
SEDIMENT
Fig. 22-25, p. 542
46
Dioxins
  • Toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons fat-soluble in
    fatty foods (meat, fish, milk, cheese, ice cream)
    carcinogen, endocrine disruptor
  • Sources waste incineration, fireplaces,
    coal-fired power plants, paper production, sewage
    sludge

47
Making the Transition to a Low-Waste Society
  • Everything is connected.
  • There is no away for the wastes we produce.
  • Dilution is not always the solution to pollution.
  • The best and cheapest way to deal with wastes are
    reduction and pollution prevention.
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